
Book VA_^Ar 



ENGINEER DEPARTMENT, UHTED STATES ARMY. 



REPORT 



ON 



^¥-/ 



CURRENT-METER OBSERVATIONS 



IN THE 



MISSISSIPPI RIVER, NEAR BURLINGTON, IOWA, 



DUIHNG 



THE MONTH OF OCTOBEE, 1879, 



ILLUSTRATED BY 



OKE SKETCH AXD FORTX-OKE PJLATES, 



BY 



K 



MAJOR ALEXANDER MAOKEITZIE, 

CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U, S. A. 




\: 



X 



washingto:n^: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTINGr OFFICE. 

1884. 



13828 



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Office of the Chief of Engineers, 

United States Army, 
Washington, D. C, March 25, 1884. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report, with accompanying 
sub-report, tables, and plates, received from Maj. A. Mackenzie, Corps of 
Engineers, giving the final results of a series of observations taken with 
current-meters in the Mississippi River, near Burlington, Iowa, during the 
month of October, 1879, at the suggestion of a Board of Engineer officers 
constituted in 1878, to take into consideration the improvement of the 
low-water navigation of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, together with 
a report thereon from Lieut. Col. H. L. Abbot, Corps of Engineers, to 
whom they were referred for remarks. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Abbot confirms my appreciation of the merits of 
these observations and of the value of their results to officers of the Corps 
of Engineers and others engaged in the practice of gauging rivers. I 
would therefore beg leave to request that authority be granted to have 
the report with its illustrations printed at the Government Printing Office 
for the use of the Corps, and that five hundred copies be furnished this 
office for distribution upon the usual requisition. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

John Newton, 
Chief of Engineers, Brig, and Bvt. Maj. Gen. 

Hon. Robert T. Lincoln, 

Secretary of War. 

[First indorsement.] 
Approved : 

By order of the Secretary of War : 

John Tweedale, 

Chief Clerk. 
War Department, 

3farch 27, 1884. 



Willet's Point, N. Y., March 8, 1884. 

General : I have carefully read the final report of Major Mackenzie 
and accompanying documents forwarded to me for report by your letter 
of 25th ultimo. 

This report covers the most exact set of measurements which has come 
to my knowledge, undertaken to investigate the changes of velocity in a 



vertical plane from surface to bottom in water flowing in a natural chan- 
nel. The plan of simultaneous measurements at different depths by electri- 
cal meters is a decided advance over any of the older methods, and is novel 
and of much scientific interest. 

The work was admirably planned and conducted, and, in my judgment, 
should be made public for the use of officers and others engaged in the 
practical gauging of rivers. 

I regard the publication of the plates as important to a full appreciation 
of the results, and their value would fully warrant the expense of their 
reproduction by photolithography. The report in full cannot but be 
creditable to the Corps, and is sure to excite the interest of any student of 
the flow of water in natural channels. The only part which can be omitted 
without injury is the record (two sheets) illustrating the working of the 
chronograph. These are not essential. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Henry L. Abbot, 
Lieut Col. of Engrs.j Bvt. Brig. GenH. 

The Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. 



REPOKT 

ON 



CURRENT-METER OBSERVATIONS NEAR BURLING- 
TON, IOWA. 



REPORT. 



United States Engineer Office,, 

Roch Island, 111., February 11, 1884. 

General : I have the honor to transmit herewith tables and plates 
giving the results of a series of observations taken with current-meters in 
the Mississippi River,- near Burlington, Iowa, during the month of Octo- 
ber, 1879. These plates are accompanied by an explanatory report by 
Assistant Engineer G. A. Marr, under whose direction the observations 
were made. 

Instructions from the Chief of Engineers, dated August 30, 1878, as- 
signed to Maj. F. U. Farquhar, Corps of Engineers, the surveys and 
examinations of the Mississippi River at some point above the mouth of 
the Illinois River, desired by the Board of Officers, constituted by Special 
Orders ^N^o. 71, Series of 1878, Headquarters Corps of Engineers, to take 
into consideration the ipiprovement of the low-water navigation of the 
Mississippi and Missouri rivers. 

The work desired by this Board was a detailed transit survey of a con- 
siderable stretch of the river, with line of levels to determine the river 
slope at various points and various stages, — determinations of the cross- 
section at various stages, the object being to ascertain all facts connected 
with the motion and dimensions of sand waves, — discharge and sediment 
observations, and borings on the banks and in the bed of the river. 

A portion of the Mississippi River between Burlington and Montrose, 
42 miles in length, was selected for survey, and the immediate vicinity of 
Burlington was chosen for special study. The survey and examina- 
tions were commenced in September, 1878, -and completed in October, 
1879. A report on this survey, with plates and maps, was submitted in 
July, 1880, and the report and a portion of the plates are printed in the 
Heport of the Chief of Engineers for the year 1880, part 2, page 1526. 

5 



6 

While the above-mentioned survey Avas being made, with the sanction 
of the Chief of Engineers, a series of observations with current-meters and 
a specially-constructed chronograph was undertaken. This work was in- 
augurated by Maj. F. U. Farquhar, Corps of Engineers, and carried on 
under his general direction until June, 1879, at which date he was relieved 
from duty in connection with the improvement of the Mississippi River. 
Capt. B. D. Greene, Corps of Engineers, was in charge of the field ob- 
servations during a portion of the time, and had general supervision of the 
work until June 1, 1880, at which date he was transferred to Detroit for 
duty. Assistant Engineer G. A. Marr, who submits the final report, was 
in immediate charge of the field-work, and has prepared the tables and 
plates showing the results. 

The apparatus used in connection with these observations requiring par- 
ticular mention was a chronograph and seven current-meters. The chrono- 
graph was specially constructed for the work by T. S. & J. D. Negus, of 
New York ; it was provided Avith eight independent pens, permitting a 
continuous simultaneous record of six meters and the connecting of the 
two outside pens in one circuit for a time record. The six meters used 
in determining relative velocity were of the telegraphic pattern, and were 
made by Buff & Berger, of Boston. These meters are similar to the one 
used by General Ellis in his gauging of the Connecticut River, and are 
described by him on page 308, Report of the Chief of Engineers for 
1878, part 1. A similar meter is also shown in Plate IV, page 136, 
Buif & Berger catalogue for 1883; those used bore the makers' numbers 
21, 18, 19, 20, 11, 7, which numbers correspond respectively to the num- 
bers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, used for the meters in this report and the accompany- 
ing tables and plates. The new numbers painted on meters and boxes 
were used to make the number of each meter agree with the correspond- 
ing pen of the chronograph. A propeller meter, procured from the engi- 
neer depot at Willet's Point, through tlie courtesy of General H. L. Abbot, 
was occasionally used. This meter was very simple and sensitive and 
gave excellent results. 

The observations for determining the meter coefficients were made dur- 
ing the month of October, 1879, in Prairie Slough, an arm of the Missis- 
sippi River, near Burlington, Iowa. This slough has a uniform bed, and 
was virtually devoid of current during the time of observation. 

The methods employed are fully described in the report of Mr. Marr, 
and the results are given in Table No. 1. 

The observations for current velocity were made during the month of 
October, 1879, at the various points shown on the accompanying map of 
the Mississippi River in the vicinity of Burlington. The points wore so 
selected as to give as great a variety of conditions as practicable. The six 
meters were used simultaneously at varying deptlis for determining the 



velocity of the current, and were frequently used on a horizontal frame 
for purposes of comparison. Observations furnishing a comparison of 
velocity as determined by meters and by floats were also made. 

The meters, when in use for determining^ the velocity of the current, 
were held in position at their various depths by a wire rope suspended 
from a derrick, projecting about 20 feet in front of the bow of a quarter- 
boat, with a long rake, and drawing about 20 inches. The foot of the 
wire rope was held in position by a mushroom anchor weighing 150 
pounds. The meters were allowed free motion in all directions, and were 
supposed to head directly in the current. 

For the purpose of recording the revolutions of the meters, each was 
connected independently with one of the pens of the chronograph, the two 
outside pens being connected with a break-circuit chronometer, marking 
intervals of one second. The speed of the chronograph was such as to 
make the second intervals on the record about one-fourth of an inch. 
Portions of the records of the chronograph are shown on Sheets 1 and 2. 

Great care was taken in the field observations, the reductions, and the 
preparation of the tables and plates. The results given are an accurate 
representation so far as the section of the river operated in is concerned. 
And as the methods and conditions under which the observations were 
taken and reduced are given, any one can determine for himself to what 
extent general conclusions can be drawn. 

As all these special observations were made in connection with other 
work, no opportunity was afforded for working up the notes at the time 
they were taken, and during the reduction of the observations m.any new 
points have appeared which might have been investigated to advantage 
had they presented themselves while field-work was going on. Some of 
these points are referred to in the report of Mr. Marr. 

The section of the Mississippi River in the vicinity of Burlington was 
a favorable one for some of the investigations ordered by the Board of 
Engineers, but from the excessive width and resulting shoalness of the 
section, and comparative irregularity of the bottom and channel, the point 
was not as favorable as some others discovered later, for the special obser- 
vations with current- meters. 

While the results presented contain much that is of interest in connec- 
tion with the use of current-meters or other appliances for gauging pur- 
poses on the Mississippi River or similar streams, much more extended 
and valuable results could be obtained by the use of twelve meters, giving 
a greater number of points in the vertical curve and especially points nearer 
the surface and bottom, — by the addition of six pens to the chronograph, 
which the record will permit, — and by the selection of a point for observa- 
tion where a more regular channel and greater depth could be secured. 



8 

The methods used, both for the field observatioDs and subsequent re- 
ductions, are so fully given in Mr. Marr's report that but a brief sum- 
mary of operations is here necessary. 

In connection with the work for determining the meter co-efficients, a 
plotting of the velocity and revolutions of the meter indicated that within 
the limit of speeds used, (0.4 ft. to 6.3 ft. per second,) the relation is shown 
by a right line, and in determining the co-efficients the equation of a right 
line referred to rectangular co-ordinates was used. (See Table 1 and Plates 
I, II, III, and IV.) 

For determining the velocity at various points in a vertical plane the 
meters were set and connected with the chronograph as previously described. 
The meters were allowed to run for from eleven to thirty-two minutes for 
each set of observations. This gave a continuous record of time and revolu- 
tions or parts of revolutions on the chronograph sheet. From this sheet 
records for each minute were taken for each meter, and the number of 
revolutions was converted into velocity in feet per second. The results 
for each set of observations were entered in tables and also plotted on cross- 
section paper, giving a vertical velocity curve for each minute of observa- 
tion. From these minute curves a mean vertical velocity curve was con- 
istructed for each set of observations. The object of these observations 
being mainly to determine the relation of mean to mid-depth velocity, and 
it not being necessary in this connection to assign any special form or estab- 
lish an equation for the mean vertical velocity curves, no attempt has been 
made to do so. To determine the 'relation above referred to, a graphic 
method was used. The velocities as given by the curves were taken off 
for each 0.4 of a foot in depth and formed into a table from which was 
obtained the mean velocity in the vertical plane. The mid-depth velocity 
was also taken graphically from the curve. These results are given in 
each case on the corresponding mean vertical velocity curve plate. In order 
to obtain a further comparison of the results, the formula of Humphreys 
& Abbot was applied to the mid-depth velocities. The comparisons of 
mean and mid-depth velocities are combined in Table 29. The co-efficient 
obtained from these observations for converting mid- depth into mean 
velocity is 0.958. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

A. Mackp:xzie, 
Major of Engineers. 

The Chief of Engineers, United States Army. 



REPORT OF MR. G. A. MARE, ASSISTANT ENGINEER. 

United States Engineer Office, 

Rock Island, III., July 2, 1883. 

Major : I have the honor to submit the following report on certain 
current-meter observations taken in the Mississippi River, near Burling- 
ton, Iowa. 

These observations for current velocity were all taken in October, 1879, 
and a progress report giving a description of the field operations was sub- 
mitted to you November 10, 1879, but as the observations could noi be 
worked up in the field, and as many other duties have occupied my time 
since the field-work was completed, the reductions of the notes and prep- 
aration of tables and plates have been delayed till the present time. I 
have incorporated in this report the notes previously submitted. 

The report is accompanied by a sketch showing the points at which ob- 
servations were taken and giving the characteristics of the section of the 
river operated on, and by thirty-one tables and forty-one plates illustrat- 
ing the plotted results of the observations taken, and by two sheets giving 
specimens of the record of the chronograph. 

During the progress of the special surveys and examinations ordered 
by the Board of Engineers on the low-water navigation of the Mississippi 
and Missouri rivers, and executed principally under the direction of Bvt. 
Lieut. Col. F. IT. Farquhai*, Major of Engineers, it was decided to under- 
take, in addition to the w^ork ordered by the Board, a more thorough sys- 
tem of observations with current-meters than liad, up to that time, been 
realized. On account of the great fluctuations in velocity, not only from 
the surface downward, but also in the whole volume of water, it appeared 
that a system which would give simultaneous observations at several dis- 
tinct points in a vertical plane would give much more reliable and valu- 
able information than the use of a single meter at different depths. For 
the purpose of carrying out the above system, six of the best make of 
Buff & Berger telegraphic current-meters were obtained, and in order to 
secure a perfect record of the results a chronograph with eight pens was 
designed and made under the direction of Colonel Farquhar by T. S. & 
J. D. Negus, of New York. This instrument was very complete and ad- 
mirably fulfilled the purposes for w^hich it was constructed. With eight 
pens working independently, six could be used for the current-meters, 
giving for each meter an independent and complete record of the parts of 
revolutions, and the two outside pens could be used for time, being con- 
nected with a break-circuit chronometer, and marking intervals of one 
second on each edge of the sheet. From this record data could be ob- 
tained in any manner desirable, either the number of revolutions and parts 
of revolutions in a given time, or the time of a single revolution, or a part 



10 

of a rev^olution. The speed of the chronograph was such as to make the 
second intervals on the record about one-fourth of an inch. 

Many of the following^ methods, which were used for field work and for 
the reduction of the notes, were suggested by Capt. B. D. Greene, formerly 
of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, who, for a time, was in 
charge of the field work. 

ADJUSTMENT OF THE BUFF & BERGER METERS. 

It was very necessary first of all to look carefully to the adjustment of 
the meters. 

The wheel should play freely between the, supporting arms, and yet 
should not be so loose as to endanger the fine platinum points that estab- 
lish the electric current through the meter. If the wheel was quite loose 
it would invariably bend the platinum points, and a broken circuit would 
be the result, not always entirely lost, but too broken to be of value. 
This adjustment could not be made with the large screws containing the 
agates, as unless these screws were set up to the shoulder they would fol- 
low up the wheel in its revolution, and soon bind or perhaps lock the 
wheel entirely. To remedy this the large screws were set up to the 
shoulder after removing the fine screws containing the platinum points. 
If this made the wheel too tight or too loose, a small strip of very thin 
paper was inserted on either side (the side necessary to make the proper 
adjustment) of the set screws that hold the projecting arms to the meter 
frame. By this means a very fine and quite permanent set could be made 
for the arms, and it was then only necessary to make a careful adjustment 
of the screws with the platinum points. But before adjusting these small 
screws, it was carefully observed that the wheel had a play in the direc- 
tion of its axis of about one-fifth of a millimeter. This in the agate bear- 
ings gave free and easy motion. 

The adjustment of the wheel being made satisfactorily, the adjustment 
of the small screws containing the platinum points w^as made as follows. 
The screw holdiug the wheel and its frame to the main part of the meter, 
was loosened so that the wheel and frame could be revolved so as to be 
either side up. The meter was then connected with a battery, and a sound- 
ing key put in the circuit. The wheel was placed in a horizontal position 
so that its weight would bear on the lower agate. The wheel was then 
turned so that the platinum wire spring from the insulated wire would 
rest on the silver portion of the axis so as to close the circuit at that point. 
The small screw containing the platinum point was then turned up care- 
fully until a circuit was established, which was indicated by the sounding 
key. At this point, if the screw was turned back a trifle, the circuit 
would be broken again, and generally a change of 10°, or even less, in 



11 

turning the screw would make and break the circuit. The wheel was then 
inverted, and after turning the screw already adjusted back just 180°, or 
half a revolution, so as to be certain to have no current through that point, 
the other small screw was adjusted in the same manner as the previous 
one. Then the first screw adjusted was turned up the 180°, or half turn 
that it had been turned back, and the adjustment was complete. The 
great necessity for having a sounding key in the circuit when adjusting 
these small screws was, that otherwise the screw^ might be turned too far, 
thus causing the platinum point to be bent to one side, and making an im- 
perfect contact which would result in a broken and irregular record. 

There was also another adjustment to look after in the Buff & Berger 
instruments. The platinum wire spring that had one end attached to the 
end of the insulated wire, and the other end resting in a groove on the 
exterior of the axis, was liable to be disturbed, and if accidentally bent 
would either give too light a pressure to make a perfect record, or would 
press too heavily, and produce extra friction on the wheel, making it 
more difficult to revolve, and hence giving a different co-efficient. 

To keep the adjustment of the spring as near uniform as possible, and 
as light as would give a perfect record, the following plan was adopted. 
A very delicate balance was procured, and, by means of a fine thread at- 
tached to the wire and the balance, the press*jre of the spring was care- 
fully weighed. In order to do this It was necessary to have the same con- 
nection with a battery and sounding key in circuit as for the other adjust- 
ment. The wheel was turned so that the platinum wire rested on the 
silver of the axis, which gave a closed circuit. The platinum spring was 
then lifted by means of the balance and thread, and the weight noted just 
at the point where the circuit would be broken. By this means as light a 
pressure as would give a good result could be established. It was gen- 
erally found that a pressure of from 1 to IJ grams was about as light as 
the spring could be used and be certain of giving a good result. When 
first tested some of the springs were found to exert a pressure of from 10 
to 15 grams. 

After these adjustments the Buff & Berger meters would give a good 
clear record with the wheel in any position, either horizontal, vertical, or 
at any point between. 

The propeller meter, made by T. S. & J. D. Negus, and used occasion- 
ally in connection with the above meters, never needed any such ad- 
justments, as the method of making and breaking the circuit Is simple 
and the connections are entirely Inclosed in a small compartment nearly 
water-tight. The instrument was never out of order in that respect during 
its entire use in the work. 



12 

METHOD OF DETERMINING METER CO-EFFICIENTS. 

The place selected for rating the meters was in " Prairie Slough/' just 
below Burlington, where at any stage of water less than 5 feet there was 
no inlet from above to cause a current, and where there was a depth of 
from 7 to 11 feet at a 2-foot stage. This gave practically a still sheet of 
water, except such fluctuations as might be caused by strong winds. A 
base of 800 feet was carefully measured with standard cherry rods pre- 
pared from the Coast Survey standard 5-foot rods in the office. The 
points on the base were designated as follows : At the east end " East 
Point"; 200 feet from this towards the west was called "J Point''; at 400 
feet, or the center, " Middle Point"; at 600 feet, " f Point," and at the 
end of the 800 feet, " West Point." 

A telegraph line and battery were established along the base, having 
ground connection at each end by large sheets of copper placed in the 
water. Three signal Jveys or sounders were used, being placed at " East 
Point," " Middle Point," and " West Point." 

Observers were stationed at each of the stations along the line ; those at 
the " East Point," " Middle Point," and " W^est Point" being furnished 
with theodolites and those at "J Point" and "f Point" with signal flags. 
A second observer at " East Point " was supplied with a chronometer. 

Points J and J were provided with boards with slots cut in them and a 
string or wire stretched longitudinally along the center of the slot. The 
board and its wire were carefully set in front of and directly opposite each 
point, and stakes were set on the opposite side of the slough, these stakes 
being located by laying off 90° from the base with a theodolite. 

A line for testing the meters was selected out in the slough opposite the 
base, and range stakes were set beyond each end of the line, care being taken 
to set these stakes so as to make the line or path of the steam-launch parallel 
to the base. Other range stakes were set on a prolongation of the line. 
This line was so selected as to be but little affected by influences from the 
bottom or sides of the slough, it being at this place quite uniform in depth. 

A frame made of 2-inch gas-pipe was attached to the bow of the launch,' 
and the meter to be tested was placed on a rod attached to the extreme for- 
ward end of this frame and at a point which would carry the meter about 
2 feet below the surface and about 10 feet ahead of the launch. Insulated 
copper wires were attached to the meter before placing it in the water. 
These were brought up on the bow of the launch and connected with a 
battery of six Daniels cells. A register was placed in the circuit and also 
a sounding-key, which was placed in the engine-room to guide the engineer 
in keei)ing the speed of tlic laui.ich uniform. 

All being ready for work, the launch was got on line outside tlie limits 
of the base and prei)ared to run with as steady and uniform a speed as 



possible. As the launch approached the point opposite ^' East Point" the 
observer there stationed called '^ ready/' held up one hand, and with the 
other made two breaks on the key-sounder. At these signals the observer 
on the launch commenced counting and watching the register, and the ob- 
server at the chronometer took up the " beat." As the jack-staif of the 
launch passed the cross-wire in his telescope the observer dropped his 
hand quickly, gave one tap on the key, and also called "tick" sharply^ 
so that if the observer on the launch did not happen to be looking and see 
the hand drop he would get the signal 'Hick." The signals were all given 
as distinctly and sharply as possible. The reading on the register was 
noted and the time taken to the nearest tenth of a second so far as prac- 
ticable. 

At the next station, or "^ Point," the observer at that point called 
" ready " and held up his flag, being in a position where he could be seen 
both by the observer on the launch and the observer at the chronometer. 
As the jack-staff passed his station or line of sight he dropped his flag as 
quickly as possible and called '^tick." The same signals were given at the 
three remaining stations. At these signals the reading of the register on 
the launch was noted, and the difference of readings at "East Point" and 
at the other points gave the number of revolutions, or half revolutions, 
according to the meter used. A return trip was made over the same 
course, running from "West Point" to "East Point," using the same 
speed of boat as far as practicable. The results of these two trips were 
combined so as to eliminate effect of current, if any existed. The work 
was continued with a meter until various speeds of the launch had been 
tested, or, in other words, the meter tested for many different velocities, 
from quite slow to as fast as the register would record correctly. 

METHOD OF USING CURRENT-METERS FOR DETERMINING CURRENT 

VELOCITY. 

For using the meters for current observations a derrick was put up on 
the United States quarter-boat " Major E. F. Hoffmann." The main spar 
of the derrick was 35 feet long and was placed just forward of the cabin. 
To this spar was attached a boom 25 feet long, being set for this work 
about 12 feet from the lower end of the spar. A heavy set of double 
blocks and fall led from the upper end of the spar to the boom, by which 
the latter could be raised or lowered at will. From the upper end of the 
boom another double block and fall was used to handle the apparatus for 
current work. A cable wire rope, five-eighths of an inch in diameter and 32 
feet long, was attached by an eye to the hook of the block at end of boom, 
and a mushroom anchor, weighing 150 pounds, was attached to the lower 
end of the cable by means of a clamp clevis which permitted the wire 
cable to pass freely through the current-meter frame. To the anchor was 



14 

attached a bar of iron, 1 by 3 inches and about 3 feet long, which supported 
a gas-pipe 1 inch in diameter, made in lengths of 10 feet and provided 
with couplings, one side of the gas-pipe being perforated with half-inch 
holes for the introduction of the insulated wires that were to connect the 
meters with the battery and chronograph. This pipe was used to prevent 
the wires from becoming entangled in the meters, and the pipe and sys- 
tem of wires were always placed so as to be down-stream from the meters. 

Six meters were used for these current observations, and were usually 
set on tlie wire cable equidistant from each other, and at the same distance 
from the bottom and surface of the river; for instance, in 21 feet depth of 
water the upper meter would be 3 feet below the surface, and with 3 feet 
between the meters, the lower one would be 3 feet above the bottom. 

In order to give frequent direct comparisons between the six meters, a 
frame was prepared of oak pieces 2 J by 6 inches, the frame being 12 feet 
long and 2 J feet wide. Six iron bolts of three-quarter-inch round iron^ 
and about 2f feet long, were set in the frame to support the meters, the 
bolts being placed 2 feet apart and 1 foot from either end. A. piece of 
three-quarter-inch gas-pipe was set in the center of this frame and provided 
with a clamp screw. The wire cable was passed through the gas-pipe in 
the center of this frame, and clamped at a point where the center of the 
frame would be about 2 feet below the surface of the water when the 
mushroom anchor rested on the bottom. The frame was held in a hori- 
zontal position and stay-rods connecting the ends of the frame with the 
bow of the quarter-boat held the frame at a right angle to the direction of 
the current. The meters were placed on the frame and carefully set at 
the same height. This gave comparison of the meters at the same depth, 
and in order to eliminate any effect from lateral difference in the current? 
the meters were used in reverse positions on the frame. 

COMPAEISOIS^ OF METERS AND FLOATS. 

There was also a comparison made between the velocity as determined 
by meters and as determined by the tin floats and the paint kegs used for 
the gauging operations in this vicinity. 

For these comparisons a section of the river, giving as uniform a chan- 
nel as possible, was selected on the east side of '^ Bar h,'' in the main chan- 
nel. 

Five meters, placed equidistant, were used in this work, one of the me- 
ters being at mid-depth. One pen on the chronograph was reserved for 
recording float observations. 

A base of 200 feet, marked at each 50 feet, was carefully measured with 
the standard cherry rods, in a direction as nearly parallel to the direction 
of the current as practicable. Observers were stationed at the five points 



15 

of the base, those at the euds and middle being provided with break cir- 
cnit keys and theodolites; at the other two points flags were used, the 
signal for the passage of the float past these points being transmitted to 
the chronograph sheet by one of the observers at a key. 

Telegraphic communication was established between the base stations 
and the chronograph on board the quarter-boat. 

The quarter-boat was anchored so that the cable with the meters would 
be placed about 16 feet below the lower end of the base. The skiif con- 
taining the floats to be sent down was anchored about 100 feet above the 
upper end of the base, and trials made with the floats until the point was 
found from which the floats would pass from the skiff" directly toward the 
cable containing the meters. 

Work was then commenced, a continuous record of the five meters and 
a record of the passage of the floats past the points of the base being made 
on the chronograph. A warning of several breaks was given just before 
tlie single break of the passage of the float. (See Sheet 2.) 

The observer at the lower point took a theodolite reading to the float as 
it passed the upper point, and the observer at the upper point did the same 
as the float passed the lower point, thus giving the path of the float. 

The larger number of the observations were made with the floats tied 
at mid-depth, the remainder being taken with the floats tied at depths cor- 
responding to the positions of the meters next above and below that at 
mid-depth. 

Time was also taken with a chronometer on sliore, in order to give a 
comparison between this method and the chronograph. 

REDUCTION OF FIELD- WORK. 

a. Meter co-efficients. — In the reduction of the observations taken to de- 
termine the co-efficients the following plan was adopted for eliminating the 
effect of any possible current. The observations were combined in pairs, 
consisting each of a down trip over the course laid out, and the following 
return trip. Noting the time of transit and the number of revolutions at 
the end of each 200 feet of the 800-foot base gave eight results for each 
round trip of the launch. In combining these separate results, the one 
giving the greatest time interval on the down trip was combined with the 
one giving the greatest time interval on the up trip. In this way the ele- 
ments for forming four equations of condition were obtained for each round 
trip from " East Point." 

To determine approximately the form of the line showing the relation be- 
tween the number of revolutions of the meter (n) and the velocity {v') the ob- 
served values of n and v' were plotted in reference to a system of rectangular 
co-ordinates. The results are given on Plates I, II, III and lY, and show 
that within the limits of the observations taken, the line showing this relation 



16 

is a right line, whose equation is v^ = a n -{- 6, in which v' = velocity in 
feet per second and n = number of revolutions of meter per second, quan- 
tities that become known from the observations, a is the tangent of the 
angle which the line makes with the axis of abscissas, and b the distance 
from the origin to the point of intersection with the axis of ordinates. In 
the use of this equation for the determination of meter co-efficients the ob- 
servations have been such as to give from nineteen to thirty-nine equations 
of condition from which to derive final results for the two quantities a and b. 
These equations have been solved by method of least squares, and the re- 
sults are given in Table 1. 

In handling the meters great care was exercised that nothing should oc- 
cur liable to affect their co-efficients, but in order to detect any accidental 
change, the horizontal frame previously described was generally used be- 
tween each set of observations for the velocity in vertical plane, A number 
of these observations, sufficient to show such material change as did occur, 
have been reduced. Complete sets of observations on the horizontal frame 
have been worked up for October 29, and are given in Tables 2 and 3. 

There was a very good agreement between the meters, excepting Xo. 2. 
On referring to Table 1 it will be noticed that there was a much poorer 
determination of that co-efficient, the probable error of the determination 
being 0.0086. The comparisons on the horizontal frame indicated an error 
of one-tenth of a foot per second for meter No. 2, and this was adopted as 
a correction for the meter. 

b. Mean vertical velocity curves. — From the chronograph sheet which 
gives a constant record of the six meters used at different points in a ver- 
tical plane, mean velocities for each minute are derived and tabulated. 
(See for example Table 4.) The results have also been plotted on cross- 
section paper to more clearly show their relative values. (See for example 
Plate VI.) Mean values for each consecutive series of minute results have 
also been obtained, and these mean results have also been plotted on cross- 
section paper. As the values for mean velocities for each minute at the 
six different points from the surface to the bottom constantly gave evidence 
of a quite uniform curve, the method of drawing a curve for these mean 
values has been adopted and designated the mean vertical velocity curve. 
(See for example Plate VII.) 

In the computations for the reduction of the work with meters used in 
a vertical plane, the average velocity for one minute of time was deter- 
mined as giving the best results for showing the vertical velocity curves. 
Twines were ruled across the chronograph sheet for each minute, and the 
revolutions, or parts of revolutions, were counted for each of the six meters, 
and entered in a book of tabulation. The computations were carefully 
made in a regular form and are preserved. The velocities are given in 
feet per second. (Sec Sheet 1.) 

The reduction of the observations of October 7, with the meters in a 



17 

vertical place, may be given as a sample of the methods used. These 
observations were taken in the channel between the Iowa shore and the 
first sand-bar above Burlington (" Bar h'^). This is a straight and well-de- 
fined channel at the point where the observations were taken, but becomes 
more shoal a few hundred feet above. This was the main channel not 
many years ago. 

On this date, October 7, two series of observations were obtained. The 
results for each minute are given in Tables 4 and 5. These results are 
also plotted on cross-section paper giving the vertical velocity curves for 
each minute graphically, which are shown on Plates VI and VIII. The 
mean results for tables are plotted on a larger scale, and the mean vertical 
velocity curves drawn ; these are shown on Plates VII and IX. 

The observations of other days have been reduced and plotted in the 
same manner as those of October 7, giving twenty-five diiferent mean ver- 
tical velocity curves, each of which is derived from sets of observations 
extending through from eleven to thirty-two minutes. The observations 
and results of other dates than October 7 will be referred to in more de- 
tail in a subsequent portion of this report. 

Referring to these mean velocity curves it appears that while there are 
not always a sufficient number of points in the observations of the dif- 
ferent dates to show the slower velocity at the surface, yet in all cases 
where a sufficient number of observations have been taken the fact is so 
apparent that a retarded surface velocity has been assumed in all the mean 
velocity curves. This is especially apparent in the observations of Octo- 
ber 7. 

c. Comparisons of mean and mid-depth velocities. — Having obtained nu- 
merous results for mean velocities at various points from the surface to the 
bottom, we are now prepared to investigate the relation between mean and 
mid-depth velocities, to be used for gaugings on the Upper Mississippi 
River, and on all streams of similar characteristics. 

From each mean vertical velocity curve results are taken from the plot 
for each 0.4 foot in depth. (See for example Plate VII.) Final mean 
velocities are derived from these results, and the mid-depth velocity is 
taken off graphically. This gives a comparison between the mean veloc- 
ity (Vm) iind mid-depth velocity (Vi/^p.) 

The formu-Ia of Humphreys and Abbot, 

m 1 D 12^ ' 
in which 



D being the depth of the riveratany point, was also used to derive a mean 
velocity from tl:ie mid-depth velocity as taken from the mean vertical ve- 
13828 M o 2 



18 

locity curves, for the purpose of comparing the formula with the results 
of these observations. These quantities for each mean vertical velocity 
curv^e are shown on the respective curve plates. 

The value v or the mean velocity of the whole cross-section of the river, 
as used in the above formula, was obtained by the following method from 
the mean velocities as determined on cross-section No. 1 of the gaugings 
made under the direction of the Board of Engineers on the low-water 
navigation of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, and reported on in 
Report of the Chief of Engineers for the year 1880, part 2, page 1526. 
The velocities for different stages were plotted on cross-section paper, and 
a line which proved to be a straight line, was drawn approximately through 
the different points. (See Plate V.) From this plot the value of v could 
be taken very closely for any stage. These gaugings referred to were taken 
about the same time as the current-meter observations. 

d. Description and reduction of the observations taken subsequent to Octo- 
ber 7. — In addition to the work of October 7, observations were taken on 
the following dates: October 11, 14, 21, 29, and 30, and reduced in a 
similar manner. 

The position of the boat on October 11 was a few feet below cross-sec- 
tion No. 1 of gaugings, and the observations were taken in about 11 feet 
depth of water, on a flat middle ground where the current might have a 
slight tendency to divide. The water also became more shoal a few hun- 
dred feet down stream. The results here indicated a much greater veloc- 
ity near the surface than the work of October 7. This might arise from 
the shoaling of the water below. There was no perceptible wind. The 
results for the work on October 11 are given in Tables 6, 7, and 8. These 
results are also plotted on cross-section paper giving the vertical velocity 
curves for each minute and are shown on Plates X, XII, and XIII, and 
the corresponding mean vertical velocity curves are shown on Plates XI 
and XIV. In the work given on Plate XIV, Table 7, a value for mean 
velocity was also derived by connecting the plotted points by straight lines, 
and taking off values from this broken line the same as from the curve, 
the result being a close agreement, showing that with quite irregular re- 
sults, a mean curve can easily be drawn giving a more probable result for 
the mean and mid-depth velocities. 

The work of October 14 was taken directly in the main steamboat 
channel of the river, in about 13 feet depth of water, and where the chan- 
nel was quite uniform and direct for nearly a mile, with a width of from 
300 to 500 feet. This channel must not, of course, be confounded with a 
section of the whole river. The results for this date are given in Tables 
9 to 13, inchisivc. The results for each minute are plotted to show verti- 
cal velocity curves, and are given on Phites XV, XVI, and XVIII, and 
mean vertical velocitv curves are shown on Plates XVII, XIX, and XX. 



19 

The work of October 21 was also taken in main channel with about the 
same position of the boat as on October 14. The results for mean veloci- 
ties for each minute are given in Tables 14 and 15, and plotted values 
of mean velocities for each table, and corresponding mean vertical velocity 
curves are given on Plate XXI. 

On October 29 the observations were taken in the same channel as on 
October 7, but about 400 feet farther down stream. In this channel it 
will be noticed the results are much more regular than in the steamboat 
channel on the outside of " Bar h.''^ The results for each minute on this 
date are given in tables 16 to 26, inclusive. The results for each minute 
are only plotted for two tables to show vertical velocity curves, and are 
given on Plates XXXI and XXXIII. The mean vertical velocity 
curves are given on Plates XXII to XXX, inclusive, and also on Plates 
XXXII and XXXIV. 

The work of October 30 was in the main channel opposite Burlington, 
and below the point where the steamboat channel outside ^^ Bar /i,^^ and 
the old channel between this bar and the Iowa shore unite. The current 
at this point was very much affected by whirls, and the results are quite 
irregular. The velocities for each minute are given in Tables 27 and 28, 
and the plotted results for the mean vertical velocity curves are given on 
Plates XXXV and XXXVI. 

e. Compilation of results and determination oj co-efficient. — The results 
as derived from the plates of mean vertical velocity curves are given in 
Table 29. In this table, columns 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9, are derived from orig- 
inal observations ; column 6 is obtained by applying Humphreys & Ab- 
botts formula to the data in column 4. For determining the ratio of mean 
to mid-depth velocity, twenty-five results are obtained from the observa- 
tions, and given in column 8, having an extreme range of only 0.057. 
The mean of these twenty-five results gives a co-efficient (0.958) with prob- 
able error of less than 0.0025 for reducing mid-depth to mean velocity. 

In Table 30 is given a comparison between the mean velocities as derived 
from the mid-depth velocities by using the co-efficient (0.958) and those 
derived from same mid-depth velocity by the Humphreys & Abbot formula. 
In this table column 2 gives the mid-depth velocity taken from mean ver- 
tical velocity curves ; column 3 gives the mean velocity as deduced from 
mid-depth velocity of column 2 by applying co-efficient ; column 4 gives 
mean velocity deduced from mean vertical velocity curves ; and column 5 
gives mean velocity obtained by applying Humphreys & Abbot's formula 
to data in column 2. It will be seen that for general results in various 
parts of the river the co-efficient 0.958 gives a less range of diffiirences, 
but in the main steamboat channel the formula of Humphreys & Abbot 
gives results agreeing very closely with the actual mean velocities. 

The ratio of depth of mean velocity fillet (m) to the whole depth (D) 



20 

has a wider range of results, and hence its use to regulate the tying .)f 
floats at a certain depth to give mean velocity directly could not be con- 
sidered as accurate as the co-efficient for reducing mid depth to mean ve- 
locity. 

/. Comparison between current-meters and floats. — A full description of 
the method of making these comparisons has been previously given. The 
work was reduced by determining the velocity of the float over each 50- 
foot section of the 200-foot base and the velocity given by a meter at the 
same depths as the floats. The meter result was taken for the next 
consecutive time after the passage of the float, and for a time interval 
equal to that of the float over the last section of 50 feet. From an in- 
spection of the results, it was found that the velocity was not uniform 
over the different sections of 50 feet, and hence a direct comparison of the 
velocity of the float with the velocity as shown by a meter located just 
below the section, could not be expected to give definite results. Yet 
these comparisons are valuable as they demonstrate that while the velocity 
of the current changed materially during the time the series of observa- 
tions with floats was being made, the relation between the velocities over 
the different sections w^as preserved. To show these variations, the results 
for one series of floats are plotted on cross-section paper, and curves drawn. 
(See Table 31 and Plates XXXVII, XXXVIII, and XXXIX.) In 
calculating the velocity of the floats when their course diverged from a 
line parallel to the base sufficiently to make a perceptible increase in dis- 
tance, the actual distance traversed, as taken from the plot, was used. 

The velocities given by the five meters during the passage of the floats 
were all reduced for the time of each section, thus giving the five veloci- 
ties in a vertical plane, as shown by the meters in their position below the 
base, while the floats were passing over each section of the base. These 
vertical velocity curves have also been plotted opposite each curve for the 
final sections. 

The results for the floats over each section of the base and for the meter 
at same depth for next consecutive time ; also for the velocities of the five 
meters, for this one series, are given in Table 31. The curves are given 
on Plates XXXA^I, XXXVIII, and XXXIX. 

g. Pulsations. — During the reduction of this current-meter work it was 
observed that there were very strong and well-defined pulsations. The 
results for each consecutive minute for a part of the work on October 14 
have been plotted on cross-soction paper with velocity in feet per second 
for vertical ordinate, and a horizontal scale of time. This is given on 
Plate XL, and it will be observed that there are quite extreme changes, 
or pulsations, in velocity ; that they are much greater near the bottom 
than near the surface, and that tlie changes generally occur at about the 
same time from the surface to the bottom. As extreme changes or sudden 



21 

pulsations are not shown on Plate XL, which only gives the average ve- 
locity per minute, Plate XLI is given where the number of quarter revo- 
lutions for each ten seconds is plotted with quarter revolutions in ten sec- 
onds for vertical or velocity scale, and a horizontal scale of time. This 
work of October 28, shown on Plate XLI, was a comparison of meters 
and floats, and only five meters could be used in a vertical plaiie, one pen 
being reserved for the record of floats. These curves, which give the con- 
tinuous record of meters during the time of passage of one series of floats, 
show very plainly the extreme and sudden changes in velocity, amount- 
ing to nearly one-half the greatest velocity, in less than one minute of 
time. It will also be observed here that these extreme changes occur at 
about the same time from the surface to the bottom. 

In connection with these pulsations it may be well to state here that the 
quarter-boat was always securely anchored in four directions. There were 
two heavy anchors with lines leading off quartering from the bow up 
stream from 1 50 to 200 feet, and also two anchors at the stern in the same 
manner. This would allow but very slight movement to the quarter-boat. 
Then, as the lower end of the cable was fastened to a 150-pound mush- 
room anchor there was no possibility of any perceptible swaying of the 
meters near the bottom. If these variations in velocity or pulsations 
were caused by the swaying of the meter-cable, it might be expected that 
the changes or pulsations would be much greater near the surface than neaj 
the bottom, but the reverse of this is true. Again, these pulsations can- 
not be referred to the effect of wind, as in that case they would be greater 
near the surface. 

A full development of such curves as are shown on Plate XL for all of 
this current-meter work might give valuable data for study in regard to 
the effect of wind or the possible relation between these pulsations and 
sand waves; and in the case of a set of observations extended through 
varying stages some relation might be discovered between these pulsations 
and the rise or fall of a river. 

A table of velocities corresponding to the revolutions could be prepared 
for each meter, and the velocity curves could be plotted readily from these 
tables by merely counting the number of quarter or half revolutions reg- 
istered by the meter and referring to the table for the corresponding 
velocity. 

h. General suggestions as to current-meter work. — It is to be regretted 
that these observations could not have been Avorked up in the field, which 
would have permitted carrying out many suggestions which have pre- 
sented themselves during the reduction of the work. A few are men- 
tioned for the benefit of any future similar observations with current- 
meters. 

There always appear to be very decided whirls in the motion of the 



22 

water. The question arises whether the planes of motion of these whirls 
are horizontal, vertical, or changeable. The Buff & Berger current- 
meters are made so as to have free motion in all directions. In their use 
for the work at Burlington, Iowa, the meters were always given free mo- 
tion in all directions, and were supposed to head directly in the current. 
It would have been well, after having used the meters in this manner 
for half an hour, to have repeated the observations after putting in a pin, 
provided by the maker for the purpose, which only permits a motion in a 
horizontal plane ; and to have again repeated the observations after the 
instrument was clamped so as to prevent horizontal swaying and allow 
vertical motion only ; and finally, to secure a resultant velocity by clamp- 
ing firmly in such a direction and manner as to make the meter head in a 
line parallel with the general direction of the current of the main channel. 
This would give data to show the effect of whirls, and determine whether 
this effect was greater in a horizontal or vertical plane. 

If the chronograph specially constructed for this work is used in the 
future for current-meter observations, I would suggest that there be six 
additional pens with their magnets attached to the instrument, which ad- 
dition would allow of the use of twelve current-meters in a vertical plane, 
and thus give the vertical curve much more accurtitely. There are six 
spaces on the present record sheets which would readily admit of the use 
of six more pens. 

A self-registering water-gauge located as near as practicable to the point 
of observation with the meter, would give a very valuable record. Read- 
ings were taken every ten minutes on gauges in connection with the gaug- 
ings of the river at Burlington, and in calm weather a perpetual rising and 
falling could be detected, and perhaps it would be found from a self-regis- 
tering gauge that fluctuations in height of water, or change of slope, would 
correspond very closely with the pulsations in velocity. 

In this report the reductions have been made with reference to giving 
data to determine the relation of mean to mid-depth velocity, and any in- 
vestigation of pulsations has only been incidental to such reduction. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

G. A. Marr, 

Assistant Engineer. 

Maj. A. Mackenzie, 

Corps of Engineers J U. S. A. 



23 

Table 1. — Table of meter coefficients. 



Meters. 

No. 2. 

t 

5- 
6- 

7- 
Prop, meter. 


Coefficients 
(a). 


Constants Number of 
(6). equations. 


Probable 

error. 

0.0086 
0.00006 
. 00023 
0.00008 
0.0004 

O.OOOI 

0.00014 


+3.71160 

+3-81945 

+3.76044 

' +3.81420 

+3-73035 
+3.74880 
+1. 34132 


+0.24230 
+0.09826 
+0.1 1653 
+0 108 10 
+0.15220 
+0.12440 
+0.0740 


22 

30 
27 
38 
39 
19 
36 



FORMULA. 

v'= an-i b 

v'= velocity in feet per second. 

n = number of revolutions per second. 

Equations solved by method of least squares. 



Table 2. — Current-meter comparisons on horizontal frame. Burlington, loiva, October 14, 

1879. 

[Depth of water, 13.0 feet; meters below surface, 1.5 feet. For position of boat, see map.] 





Revolu- 


Revolu- 




Velocities 
in feet 

per 
second. 




Mean 




Meters. 


tions for 4 
minutes 

before re- 
versal. 


tions for 4 
minutes. 

after 
reversal. 


Mean for 
4 minutes. 


Mean for 
6 meters. 


omitting 
meter 
No. 2. 


Correction 

for meter 

No. 2. 


No. 2. 


175-02 


182.02 


178.52 


3 . 0032 








No. 3. 


177.12 


179-85 


178.49 


2.9388 








No. 4. 


173.60 


175-70 


174-65 


2.8530 


2.9154 


2.8978 


— 0. 1054 


No. 5. 


171.80 


182.07 


176.94 


2.9201 








No. 6. 


171.22 


182.10 


176.66 


2.8991 








No. 7. 


174.80 


177.80 


176.30 


2.8782 









Kemabks. — Frame set at a right angle to the direction of the current as near center of main channel 
as possible. The frame is such as to place the meters opposite each other and about 2 feet apart. To 
eliminate differences in velocities the meters were reversed in position on the frame, 4 minutes before 
reversal being combined with 4 minutes after reversal. 



Table 3. — Current-meter comparisons on horizontal frame. Burlington, Iowa, October 29, 

1879. 



[Depth of water, 21.7 feet; meters .below surface, 3.0 feet. For position of boat, see map. Frame set 

as for the work given in Table 2.] 





Mean results 


Mean results 






Mean 

omitting 

No. 2. 




Correction 


Meters. 


before 


after 


Combined 


Mean for 


Correction 


for No. 2, 


reversal (n 


reversal 


results. 


6 meters. 


for No. 2. 


October 14, 




minutes). 


(19 minutes). 








1879. 


Propeller. 


2.3736 


2 . 5085 


2.4411 










No. 2. 


2-5037 


2.5597 


2.5317 










No. 3. 


2.4281 


2.4407 


2.4344 


2.4458 


2.4286 


—0.1031 


—0.1054 , 


No. 4. 


2.4106 


2.3955 


2.4031 








1 


No. 5. 


2.4827 


2.4025 


2.4426 










No. 6. 


2.481 1 


2.3628 


2.4219 








! 



Semarks. — On account of the poor determination of coefficient for meter No. 2, these comparisons are 
used to determine a correction for this meter, which is adopted as — O.i foot for velocity in feet per sec- 
ond, and applied to all results. 



24 

Table 4. — Subsurface velocities as given by current-meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 7, 

1879. 

[Depth, 19.5 feet; stage, 0.85 foot. For position of boat, see map.] 



Velocities in feet per second at the given depths below water surface. 



Time. 



Wind. 



i6.o feet, i 12.75 feet. 9.5 feet. 7.0 feet. 



/«. ;//. 7«. 




4 09 to 10 


r 


10 to II 




II to 12 i 




12 to 13 i 




13 to 14 ! 




14 to 15 




15 to 16 




16 to 17 1 




17 to 18 




i8 to 19 , 


i- Calm. -J 


19 to 20 ; 




20 to 21 ; 




21 to 22 ; 




22 to 23 




23 to 24 ■ 




24 to 25 ( 




25 to 26 


■ 


26 to 27 




27 to 28 


I 


Means for i 


9 results 



1.652 
1-352 
I 243 
1.420 
1. 194 
1. 410 
1.512 
1.546 

1-537 
1.478 

I • 559 
1.605 

1-383 
1-525 
1.426 
1 .420 
1-556 
1.48S 
1.407 



1.919 
1 .623 
1.588 
i.66i 
1-435 
1-531 
1.874 

1-737 
J -734 
1.884 
1 .900 
2. 02 1 
1 .804 
1.865 
1.836 
1.807 
1.709 

1-795 

1.948 



2.025 
1.787 
1.878 
1.824 

1-705 
1.796 
2.028 
1.840 
2.050 
2.053 
2.072 
2.044 
1.956 
2.053 

1.997 
2.009 
1-853 
1.925 

2.066 



4.5 feet. I 1.5 feet. 



2.012 


2 . 076 


2.027 


^■945 


2.064 


2.024 


2.079 


2. 142 


2.074 


1-933 


2.129 


2.136 


1.948 


2.132 


2. 121 


1.999 


2.132 


2.067 


2.001 


2. 142 


2.046 


2.009 


2.129 


2.080 


2.136 


2.201 


2.124 


2.120 


2.213 


2. Ill 


2.123 


2,167 


2.080 


2.152 


2.232 


2.086 


2. 117 


2.207 


2.086 


2.196 


2.254 


2.124 


2.091 


2.148 


2.027 


2. lOI 


2.154 


2.071 


2.085 


2.142 


2.049 


2. lOI 


2.18=; 


2.105 


2.126 


2.179 


2.055 



-459 



t.772 



1-945 



2.067 



2.159 



2.079 



Remauk.— Avevage velocity lor one luiimto of time. 



Table 5. — Subsurface velocities as given by curreut vieitrs. Burlivglon, Jona, Ociobtr 7 — 

Contiuiied. 

[Depth, 21.25 feet ; stage, 0.85 foot. For position of boat, see map. Average velocities for one minute. 



1 1 

Time. 


Wind. 


Velocities 


in feet per second at the given depths below water surface. 


, 


1 








' 




1 18.5 

1 .— 
1 

1 


feet. 


! 15.75 feet. 

i 


13.25 feet. 


10.75 ff et. 6.75 feet 


2.7s feet. 


//. tn. m. 














5 19 to 20 


1 


1-503 


1.772 


1.981 


2.152 2.272 


2. 167 


20 to 21 






537 


1-747 


1.890 


2.050 2.167 


2.167 


21 to 22 






512 


1. 801 


1.990 


2.152 2.263 


2.155 


22 to 23 






627 


1.897 


2.103 


2.123 2.266 


2.242 


23 to 24 






488 


! 1.817 


1.984 


2.228 2.254 


2.149 


♦27 to 28 






760 


' 1.912 


2.025 


2.120 2.275 


2.227 


28 to 29 






565 


1.760 


1.990 


2.145 2.266 


2.196 j 


29 to 30 






049 


\ 1.963 


2.053 


2.076 2.316 


2-239 1 


30 to 31 






488 


' I . 830 


1.962 


2.082 2.213 


2.217 1 


31 to 32 






679 


! 1.827 


1.087 


2.063 2.282 


2.280 i 


32 to 73 


VPnlm . 




546 


1 1-852 


2.084 


2.158 2.247 


2.167 i 


33 to 34 ; ] 




645 


1 I. 871 


2.056 


2.17^ 2.269 


2.155 


34 to 35 






664 


1.919 


2.072 


2 133 2.288 


2.149 


35 to 36 






509 


i 1.823 


1-931 


2.006 2.241 


2.199 


36 to .,7 


1 : I 


472 


; 1.820 


2.009 


2.098 2.241 


2-199 


37 to 38 




1 I 


686 


! I. 871 


2.047 


2.120 


2.232 


2.186 


38 to 39 






410 


1.839 


2.163 


2.190 


a-257 


2.149 


T49 to 50 






664 


1.839 


2.028 


2. 117 


2.157 


2.139 


50 to 51 




1 ' 


596 


1.948 


2.078 


2.177 


2-257 


2.186 


51 to 5a 






775 


2.008 


2.094 


2. 117 


a 198 


a. 142 


52 «o 53 






683 


1.941 


2. 131 


2.238 


2 275 


2 208 


53 to 54 


. 




534 


1 I . 906 


2.028 


2. 107 


2.260 


2 . 205 


Means for 2 


2 results 


1. 591 


! 1.862 


2.031 


2.128 2.250 


2.187 ' 



Stopju'd tt) lul.just meter. 



t Stopped to adjust battery. 



25 

Table 6. — Subsurface velocities as given by current meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 11, 

1879. 

[Depth, 11.5 feet ; stage, 0.75 foot. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 







Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water surface. 


Time. 

j 
i 
1 


Wind. 












9.6 feet. 


7.7 feet. 


5-75 feet 


4.3 feet. 


29 feet. 


1 
1.5 feet. 


h. in. fn. 












3 12 to 13 


1 f 


1.645 


1. 811 


1.909 


2.012 


2.070 


2.it;2 


13 to 14 






621 




871 




964 


2.050 


«.i07 


2. 161 


14 to 15 






744 




a3s 




909 


2.022 


2.070 


2.121 t 


15 to 16 






624 




774 




870 


1.999 


2.048 


2.105 


16 to 17 






656 




903 




97« 


2.095 


2.123 


2.149 


17 to 18 






633 




865 


2 


008 


2.088 


2.123 


2.142 


18 to 19 


)■ L aim. -{ 




611 




799 




984 


2.091 


2. 114 


2.149 1 


19 to 20 






704 




790 




93 1 


2.063 


2. 104 


2.142 ' 


20 to 21 






757 




871 




94 7 


2.079 


2.089 


2.130 ! 


21 to 22 






7«5 




940 




981 


2. 120 


2.118 


2.130 


22 to 23 






571 




702 




809 


1.942 


2.055 


2.139 


23 to 24 




1 I 


652 




862 




937 


2.072 


2.145 


2.155 


24 to 25 


i t 


1 I 


593 




847 




956 


2.080 


2.117 


2.117 


Means for i 


3 results 


1. 661 


1.836 


1-937 


2.055 


2.099 


2.138 



Table 1 .-. — Subsurface velocities as given by current meters. Burlington, loiva, October 11, 

1879— Continued. 
L 
Depth, ILO feet ; stage, 0.75 foot. For position of boat, see map. Average velocities for one minute.] 







Velocities 


in feet per second at the given depths below water surface . 


Time. 


Wind. 








1 








1 


. 




9.1 feet. 


7.2 feet. 


5.25 feet 


3.8 feet. 2.4 feet. 


1. feet. 


A. ni. m. 
















5 00 to Ol 


1 r 


1.850 


2.006 


2.015 


2.101 


2.128 


2.217 


01 to 02 




j 1.782 


2.008 


2.116 


2.168 


2.182 


2.271 


02 to 03 




1 1-794 


1.963 


2.025 


2.091 


2.129 


2.230 


03 to 04 




1 I . 760 


1.967 


2.047 


2.150 


2.179 


2.261 


04 to 05 




[ 1.686 


1.932 


2.028 


2. 101 


2.T20 


2.180 


05 to 06 




' 1-748 


1-925 


1.990 


2.085 


2.106 


2.239 


06 to 07 




1-754 


1-935 


2.067 


2. 115 


2.160 


2'. 233 


07 to 08 




1.766 


1-995 


2.041 


2.107 


2-135 


2.230 


08 to 09 




1-653 


1.846 


1-959 


2.022 


2.048 


2.230 


09 to 10 




1.695 


1.944 


2.047 


2.107 


2.129 


2.296 


10 to II 




1.806 


1.916 


2.012 


2.101 


2.101 


2.280 


11 to 12 




! 1-704 


1.874 


1-975 


2.076 


2.090 


2.246 


12 to 13 




1.686 


1.963 


2.034 


2.147 


2.163 


2-255 


13 to 14 


j 


1-580 


1.862 


1.972 


2.114 


2. 142 


2.255 


14 to 15 


-Calm - 


1. 710 


1.983 


2.078 


2.158 


2.X70 2.246 


15 to 16 


1-763 


1-973 


1.981 


2.069 


2.075 2.292 


16 to 17 




1.726 


1.895 


1.989 


2.044 


2.084 2.274 


17 to 18 




1.702 


1.893 


1.981 


2.076 


2.061 2.286 


18 to 19 




i 1-633 


1.874 


1.997 


2.060 


2.107 2.308 


19 to 20 




1-730 


1. 919 


2.019 


2.120 


2.129 2.314 1 


20 to 21 




1.625 


1.777 


1.970 


2.044 


2.111 2 . 299 1 


21 to 22 




1.695 


1.948 


1.981 


2.034 


2.139 


2.324 


22 to 23 




1.806 


1 . 960 


2.062 


2.180 


2.182 


2.308 


23 to 24 




1.652 


1.846 


1.926 


1.996 


2. 107 


2.299 


24 to 25 




1.492 


1.760 


1.862 




2.098 


2.280 


^16 to 27 




1.803 


2-053 


2.091 


2.123 


2.156 


2.249 


27 to 28 




1.656 


1.852 


I -954 


2.056 


2.142 


2.361 


28 to 29 




1-757 


1.963 


1.986 


2.044 


2.075 


2.296 


29 to 30 




1-570 


1-774 


1.987 


2.076 


2.148 


2-358 


30 to 31 


J I 


1.S53 


1.992 


2.081 




2.191 


2-352 : 


Means for 3 


results. 


1-715 


1.920 


2.009 


2.092 2.126 1 2.276 1 

' 1 



Stopped clironograpli to wind. 



26 



Tablb 8. — Subsurface velocities as given by current meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 11, 

1879— Continued. 
[Depth, 11.0 feet; stage, 0.75 foot. For position of boat, see map. Average velocities for one minute.] 



Time. 


Velocities 


in feet per second at the given depths 


1 
below water surface, j 


9.1 feet. 


7.2 feet. 


5.25 feet. 


3.8 feet. 


2.4 feet. 


i.o feet. 1 


A. m. m. 


j 




1 






i 


5 44 to 45 


1 


1.724 


1-935 


2.033 ! 


2. 118 


2. 129 


2.242 i 


45 to 46 




1-675 


1.838 


1-954 


2.066 


2.148 


2.267 


46 to 47 




1. 761 


2.008 


2.088 


2.147 


2.182 


2.252 


47 to 48 




1-744 


1.984 


2.091 1 


2.136 


2.120 


2 . 236 I 


48 to 49 




1.797 


2.008 


2.053 


2. Ill 


2.132 


2.267 1 


49 to 50 




" I . 766 


1.979 


2.091 


2.176 


2.173 


2 . 299 i 


50 to 51 




1.772 


1.928 


2.044 ' 


2. 141 


2.177 


2.289 


51 to 52 




1. 819 


2.056 


2.066 


2.163 


2.177 


2.274 


52 to 53 




1 ^-7" 


1. 941 


2.033 


2.055 


2.072 


2. 211 


S3 to 54 




1.644 


1.842 


1-937 


2.031 


2.092 


2.224 


54 to 55 




1.698 


1.858 


2.025 


2.091 


2.107 


2.280 


55 to 56 




1-915 


2.048 


2.044 


2.123 


2. 114 


2.239 


56 to 57 




1.670 


1.852 


1.987 


2.076 


2.129 


2.280 


57 to 58 




1-775 


1.893 


1.967 


2.088 


2. 104 


2.289 


58 to 59 




1.582 


1.860 


1 2.003 


2.120 


2.191 


2.321 


59 to 60 


\ Calm. ^ 


1.664 


1. 901 


2.001 


2. Ill 


2.149 


2 . 420 ! 


6 00 to 01 




1 I-74I 


1.944 


2.070 


2.128 


2.218 


2.445 


01 to 02 




1. 717 


1.877 


j 1-975 


2.072 


2.140 


2.308 


02 to 03 




1.800 


1. 941 


i 1-965 


2.093 


2.154 


2.333 


03 to 04 




1.695 


1.849 


1.956 


2.123 


2.162 


2.264 


04 to 05 




1. 812 


1.984 


2.084 


2.150 


2.182 


2.327 


*o7 to 08 




1.689 


1. 919 


1-994 


2.087 


2.170 


2.311 , 


08 to 09 




1.792 


1.941 


2.039 


2.104 


2 151 


2.305 


09 to 10 




1.627 


1.844 


1-950 


2.101 


2.157 


2.311 


10 to II 




1-554 


1.792 


! 1-957 


2.066 


2.126 


2.277 


II to 12 




1.678 


1. 951 


2.003 


2.044 


2. Ill 


2.274 


12 to 13 




I -731 


• 1.909 


1.972 


2.066 


2.135 


2.292 


13 to 14 




1.704 


1. 9 19 


1.997 


2.079 


2.129 


2.271 


14 to 15 




1.698 


1.909 


2.015 


2. 115 


2. 151 


2.321 


15 to 16 




1-723 


1.890 


i 2.033 


2.101 


2.129 


2.261 


16 to 17 




1-757 


1-995 


2.067 


2.101 


2.125 


2.217 


17 to 18 


J I 


1-743 


1.876 


' 1-931 


2.047 


2.092 


2.280 


Means for 3 


2 results 


1.724 

1 


1. 921 


2.013 


2.101 


2. 141 2.287 ! 



* stopped chronograph to wind. 

Table 9. — Subsurface velocities as given by current meters. Burlington, Iowa, Octobei'li, 1879. 
I Depth, 13.2 feetf stage, 0.89 foot. For position of boat, see map. Wind from south.] 







Velocities 


in feet per second at the given depths \)elo«v water 










surface 






Time. | 


Wind, 






























ii.o feet. 


8.7 feet. 


6.7 feet. 


5.0 feet. 


3.4 feet. 1.7 feet. 


A. m. m. \ 














3 39 to 40 


' 


2.385 


2.520 


2.623 


2.724 


2.813 2.889 


40 to 41 




2.142 


2.465 


2.592 


2.673 


2.692 2.745 


41 to 42 




2. 119 


2.406 


2.564 


2.716 


2.777 2.861 


42 to 43 




2.198 


2.493 


2.576 


2.641 


2.639 2.717 


43 to 44 




i 2.293 


2.616 


2.717 


2.778 


2-776 2.877 


44 to 45 




1 2.065 


2.476 


2.601 


2.695 


2.748 2.817 


45 to 46 




i 2.143 


2.481 


2.601 


2.657 


2.707 2.749 


46 to 47 




j 2 . 108 


2.482 


2.627 


2.756 


2.829 2.898 


47 to 48 




2.287 


2.562 


2.714 


2 794 


2.S50 


2-905 


48 to 49 


-Force, 2.. ■ 


2.224 


2-541 


2.678 


2.807 


2.S50 


2.873 


49 to 50 


2.137 


2.517 


2.609 


2.644 


2.683 


2.699 


50 to 51 




2.136 


2.527 


2.648 


2.695 


2-745 


2-789 


51 to 52 




1 1.788 


2 • 333 


2.558 


2.708 


2.776 


2.830 


52 to 53 




1 . 809 


2.438 


2.6o^? 


2.710 


2.767 


2.842 


53 to 54 




1.840 


2.398 


2.506 


2.643 


2.760 


2.811 


54 to 55 , 




1. 8x6 


2.449 


2.495 


2-587 


2.669 


2.798 


55 to 56 




1 1.986 


2.427 


2.580 


2.673 


2.770 


2.848 


56 to 57 




1 2.048 


2.562 


2.686 


2.767 


2.841 


2. 911 


57 to 58 ^ 




i 2.270 


2.508 


2.551 


2.624 


2.731 


2.780 


58 to 59 




2.314 


2.544 


2.605 


2.691 


2.721 


2.715 


59 to 60 1 




2.218 


2.500 


2.636 


2.753 


2.849 


2.880 


4 00 to 01 




2.179 


2.473 . 


2.611 


2.727 


2.751 


2. 802 


01 to 02 i 


\ Force, i.\. 


1 2.270 


2.546 


2.706 


2.815 


2.850 


2.867 


02 to 03 ! 




2.346 


2.595 


2.667 


2.768 


2.813 


2.895 


03 to 04 


. 


i 2.232 


2.353 


2.462 


2.567 


2.693 


2.789 


1 
Means for 2 


5 results 


j 2-134 


2.488 


2.609 


2.705 


2.764 1 a. 825 



27 



Table 10. — Subsurface velocities as given by current meters. Burlington, loiva, October 14 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 13.2 feet; stage, 0,89 foot. For position of boat, see map. Wind from south.] 







Velocities 


in feet per second at the given depths below water 










surface. 




Time. 


Wind, 
up stream. 














ii.o feet. 


8.7 teet. 


6.7 feet. 


5.0 feet. 


3.4 feet. 


1.7 feet. 


A. tn. m. 
















4 15 to 16 1 




2.290 


2.527 


2.630 


2.724 


2.798 


2.848 


16 to 17 




2.097 


2-339 


2-525 


2.676 


2.754 j 2.864 


17 to 18 




2.332 


2.603 


2.637 


2.670 


2.729 2.817 


18 to 19 




1.979 


2-333 


2.551 


2.695 


2.790 ' 2.8ll 


19 to 20 


-Force, 2|. -{ 


2.270 


2.527 


2.623 


2.740 


2.799 


2.852 


20 to 21 




2.382 


2.629 


2.650 


3.748 


2.804 


2.85s 


21 to 22 




2. 181 


2.559 


2.714 


2-751 


2.771 


2.808 


22 to 23 




2.236 


2.428 


2.562 


2.675 


2.779 


2. 811 


23 to 24 


^ 


2-354 


2-554 


2.648 


2. 711 


2.771 


2.817 


24 to 25 


Force, 3.. ■ 


2.403 


2.637 


2.727 


2.794 


2.849 


2.905 


25 to 26 


1 2 . 298 


2.473 


2.561 


2.638 


2.737 2.820 1 


Means for i 


I results 


2.257 

1 


2.510 


2.621 


2. 711 


2.780 


2-837 



Table 11. — Subsurface velocities as given by current meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 14 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 12.9 feet; stage, 0.89 foot. For position of boat, see map. Strong south wind.] 







Velocities 


in feet per 


second at the given depths below water 










surface. 




Time. < 


Wind, 
up stream. 
























1 




11.2 feet. 


9.6 feet. 


8.0 feet. 


6.4 feet. 


4.2 feet. 


2.1 feet. 


A. m. in. 
















4 50 to 51 




2.263 


2.452 


2.501 


2.552 


2.561 


2.667 


51 to 52 




2.126 


2.266 


2-329 


2.393 


2.507 


2.602 


52 to 53 




1.942 


2.263 


2.407 


2.576 


2.686 


2.736 


53 to 54 




2.290 


2.474 


2.540 


2.683 


2.782 


2.808 


54 to 55 




2.3S5 


2-543 


2.570 


2.600 


2.499 


2.464 


55 to 56 




2.227 


2.482 


2-551 


2.619 


2.678 


2.724 


56 to 57 




2.247 


2.477 


2.451 


2.573 


2.637 


2-755 


57 to 58 




2.276 


2-514 


2.594 


2.697 


2.709 


2.720 


58 to 59 


\ Force, 3. . -j 


2.205 


2-395 


2.484 


2.633 


2.767 


2.780 


59 to 60 




2.332 


2.592 


2.589 


2.700 


2.801 


2.852 


5 00 to 01 




2.207 


2. 41 1 


2.529 


2.699 


2.749 


2.836 


01 to 02 




2.211 


2.495 


2. 511 


2.708 


2.771 


2.864 


02 to 03 




2.292 


2.610 


2.617 


2.724 


2.760 


2.827 


03 to 04 




1-987 


2.320 


2.399 


2.501 


2.637 


2.792 


*o6 to 07 




2.174 


2-505 


2.545 


2.676 


2.726 


2-733 


07 to 08 




2.283 


2.487 


2.507 


2.579 


2.645 


2.714 


08 to 09 


. 


1.976 


2.272 


2.352 


2.509 


2.624 


2.695 


1 
Means for 


[7 results 


2.201 


2.445 


2.499 


2.613 


2.679 


2-739 



Stopped chronograph to wind. 



28 



Table 12. — Subsurface velocities as given hy cwrent-meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 14' 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 13 feet ; stage, 0.89 foot. For position of boat, see map. Strong south wind.] 



1 




Velocities in feet per second at the 


given depths below water sur- 










face. 








Time. 


Wind, 
up stream. 


. 




























1 1. 3 feet. 


9.7 feet. 


8.1 feet. 


6.5 feet. 


4.3 feet. 


2.2 feet. 


/i. 7U. m. 


1 












5 13 to 14 


1 


1 2.184 


2.468 


2-573 


2.673 


2.760 


2.877 


14 to 15 




j 2. Ill 


2.404 


2.550 


2-713 


2.763 


2 795 


15 to 16 




2 363 


2.485 


2.576 


2.686 


2.737 


2.814 


16 to 17 




2.335 


2-495 


2-517 


2.629 


2-735 


2.836 


17 to 18 




i 2 . 140 


2.345 


2.479 


2.619 


2.703 


2.789 


18 to 19 




2.250 


2.465 


2-559 


2.670 


2.739 


2.805 


19 to 20 




2.403 


2.633 


2.650 


2.786 


2-854 


2.905 


20 to 21 




2.230 


2-493 


2.533 


2.691 


2.813 


2.877 


2t to 22 




2. 411 


2.614 


2.658 


2.713 


2-773 


2. 811 


22 10 23 




2 . 266 


2.401 


2.412 


2.471 


2.613 


2.720 


23 to 24 


\ Force, 3. \ 


2.276 


2-457 


2.540 


2.586 


2.720 


2.774 


24 to 25 




2 . 204 


2.455 


2.481 


2.617 


2.746 


2.845 


25 to 26 




1.927 


2.239 


2.370 


2.522 


2.633 


2. 711 


26 to 27 




2.125 


2.363 


2.448 


2-597 


2.714 


2.774 


27 to 28 




2.017 


2.261 


2.371 


2.548 


2.673 


2.742 


28 to 29 




2.261 


2-525 


2.623 


2.699 


2.767 


2.839 


29 to 30 




2.405 


2.660 


2.667 


2.718 


2.776 


2.842 


30 to 31 




2.103 


2.385 


2.492 


2.583 


2.712 


2.774 


31 to 32 




2.080 


2.336 


2-445 


2.500 


2.664 


2.770 


32 to 33 




2.071 


2.385 


2.498 


2.583 


2.717 


2.792 


33 to 34 1 


-• 


2.082 


2.350 


2.464 


2.603 


2.763 


2.817 


Means for 2 


I results 


2 . 202 

1 


2.439 


2-519 


2.629 


2.732 


2.805 



Tablii. 13. — Stihsurface velociiits as given by cnrrent-meters. Burlington, loiva, October 14 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth. 13 feet ; stage, 0.89 foot. For po.sition of boat, see map. Average Telotities for one minnte.] 







Velocities in feet per second at the given depth 


s below water sur- 


1 








face. 






Time. 


Wind, 
up stream. 
























1 




II. 3 feet. 


9.7 feet. 


8.1 feet. 


6 5 feet. 


4.3 feet. 2.2 feet. 


A m, 711. 














5 40 to 41 


1 r 


2. 119 


2.382 


2.443 


2.594 


2.720 2.767 


41 to 42 ' 




2.408 


2.540 


2.583 


2.656 1 


2.732 2.808 


42 to i,i 




2. 191 


2.546 


2.558 


2.710 j 


2 . 804 2 . 880 


43 to 44 




2.083 


2-434 


2-558 


2.697 


2.801 2.848 


44 to 45 i 




2. Ill 


2.380 


2.495 


2-635 : 


2-740 2.774 


45 to 46 




^ 2 . 307 


2.517 


2.514 


2.672 


2-773 2.870 


46 to 47 




2.295 


.2.547 


2.606 


2.730 


2 . 836 1 2 . 902 


47 to 48 1 




2.327 


2.653 


2,684 


2.813 -' 


2.857 1 2.905 


48 to 49 




1.993 


2.3^5 


2.396 


2.486 ! 


2.574 1 2.655 


49 to 50 




2 066 


2.380 


2.446 


2-557 , 


2.676 2.758 


50 to 51 


} Force, 3 - 

1 


2.338 


2.543 


2.545 


2.617 ' 


2.731 2.833 


51 to 52 


2. 171 


2.514 


2. 580 


2.681 


2.765 2.820 


52 to 53 




2.185 


2.501 


2.558 


2.705 1 


2.779 2.867 


53 to 54 




2.157 


2.497 


2-543 


2.665 


2.776 2.836 


54 to 55 




2.065 


2.353 


2.409 


2.595 


2.749 2.764 


55 to 56 




2.170 


2.385 


2-415 


2.548 


2.707 1 2. 81 1 


56 to 57 




2.007 


2-344 


2.362 


2.486 , 


2.642 2. 711 


57 to 58 




2.167 


2.395 


2.388 


2-555 


2.728 [ 2.783 


58 to 59 




2.122 


2.407 


2.489 


2.598 j 


2. 711 2.770 


59 to 60 




2.154 


2.493 


2.534 


2 . 692 


2 . 760 j 2 . 823 


6 00 to 01 




1.952 


2.263 


2.313 


2.449 ! 


2.571 1 2.655 


01 to 02 




2. 116 


2-425 


2.449 


2.583 


2.676 2.752 


02 to 03 




2. 190 


2.613 


2-655 


2.743 


2 . 824 2 . 848 


03 to 04 


I 


2.037 


2-339 


2-357 


2.501 


2.686 2.805 


Means for 2 


4 results 


2.15s 

i 


2.449 


2-495 


2.624 


2 . 734 2 . 802 



29 

Table 14. — Subsurface velocities as given by current-meters. Burlington, loiva, October 21, 

1879. 

[Depth, 13.5 feet; stage, 1.27 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.} 



j 
Time. 


Wind. 


Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water 


surface. | 


II 3 feet. 


9.0 feet. 


6.8 feet. 


5.2 feet. 


3.5 feet. 


I 8 feet, 


A. m. m. 










6 ao to 21 


1 r 


! 2.422 


2-575 


2.540 


2.675 


2.717 


2.758 


21 to 22 I 




! 2-385 


2.425 


2.526 


2.684 


2.731 


2-733 


22 to 23 \ 




2.380 


2.590 


2.648 


2.805 


2.850 


2.877 , 


23 to 24 ! 




2.054 


2-393 


2-525 


2.633 


2.740 


2.764 


24 to 25 




2.221 


2-379 


2.384 


2.548 


2.6^9 


2 733 : 


25 to 26 




2.126 


2.465 


2-547 


2.667 


2-73^ 


2.724 


26 to 27 




2-335 


2-493 


2.545 


2.649 


2.683 


2.727 


27 to 28 


1 


2-334 


2.501 


2.553 


2.619 


2.706 


2.736 


28 to 29 1 




2.414 


2.547 


2.623 


2-733 


2.791 


2.842 


29 to 30 




2.348 


2.578 


2-587 


2.724 


2.767 


2.786 


1 30 to 31 




2.142 


2.522 


2-594 


2.692 


2-785 


2.833 


31 to 32 


!-Calm - 

1 


2.464 


2.562 


2.642 


2-765 


2.808 


2.820 


32 to 33 


2 . 247 


2-495 


2.589 


2.683 


2.714 


2-745 


33 to 34 




2.235 


2.465 


2.529 


2 .651 


2.749 


2.764 


34 to 35 




2.289 


2.562 


2.636 


2.730 


2.779 


2.798 ; 


35 to 36 i 




2.522 


2.648 


2.645 


2.729 


2-757 


2.749 ' 


36 to 37 




2-385 


2.582 


2.562 


2.684 


2.779 


2.836 i 


37 to 38 




2.230 


2.508 


2.623 


2.702 


2.784 


2-795 


38 to 39 ; 




2.525 


2.605 


2.628 


2-743 


2.788 


2.823 


39 to 40 




2.525 


2. 611 


2.611 


2.673 


2-739 


2-755 


1 40 to 41 1 


2-303 


2.508 


2-575 


2.694 


2.798 


2.833 


! 41 to 42 


2-443 


2-595 


2.623 


2.689 


2.746 


2.786 


j 42 to 43 


2.233 


2-5^9 


2.586 


2.683 


2.723 


2.701 


1 43 to 44 ! J 


2.317 


2-541 


2-655 


2.740 


2.788 


2.805 


1 Means for : 


S4 results. 


\ 2.328 


2.529 


2.582 


2.691 


2.754 


2.783 



Table 15. — Subsurface velocities as given by current-melers. Burlington, Iowa, October 21, 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 13.7 feet; stage, 1.27 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocity for one minute.] 



Time. 


Wind. 


Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water surface. 



















12.0 feet. 


10 3 feet. 


8 6 feet. 


7.0 feet 


4.7 feet. 


2.5 feet. 


A. 711. m. 














7 00 to 01 


1 


2. 119 


2.329 


2.428 


2-524 


2.732 


2.777 


01 to 02 




2 . 100 . 


2-323 


2.501 


2.598 


2.687 


2.770 


02 to 03 




2. 117 


2-355 


2.486 


2.576 


2.759 


2.789 


03 to 04 




2. 117 


2.412 


2.490 


2-549 


2.675 


2.724 


04 to 05 




2.242 


2.444 


2.586 


2.586 


2.687 


2.714 


05 to 06 




2.029 


2.304 


2 - 390 


2.516 


2.644 


2.692 


06 to 07 




2. Ill 


2.326 


2.402 


2.497 


2.589 


2.652 


07 to 08 




1-952 


2.188 


2.361 


2-457 


2.679 


2-758 


08 to 09 




2.201 


2.414 


2.486 


2.587 


2.732 


2-745 


09 to 10 




2 .063 


2.331 


2.465 


2.540 


2.690 


2.730 


10 to II 




2.241 


2.390 


2.482 


2.595 


2.740 


2.830 


II to 12 


1 


2.219 


2.489 


2.576 


2.689 


2.830 


2.895 


12 to 13 


\ Calm. -! 
1 


2.270 


2.447 


2.465 


2.540 


2 651 


2.742 


1 13 to 14 


2. 122 


2.299 


2.456 


2.555 


2.686 


2.677 


j 14 to 15 




2.066 


2.285 


2-335 


2.417 


2.602 


2 686 


15 to 16 




2.080 


2.272 


2-415 


2.498 


2 676 


2.761 


16 to 17 




2.126 


2.344 


2.456 


2.605 


2.711 


2-755 


17 to 18 i 




2.184 


2 . 466 


2.581 


2.638 


2.728 


2-755 


18 to 19 




1.944 


2.228 


2.370 


2.471 


2.678 


2.758 


1 19 to 20 j 




2.075 


2.454 


2.567 


2.632 


2.732 


2-739 


20 to 21 




2.18s 


2.444 


2.468 


2-559 


2.636 


2.702 


21 to 22 




1.998 


2-314 


2.476 


2.567 


2.656 


2.686 


22 to '23 




2.106 


2.368 


2.401 


2.463 


2.636 


2.652 


23 to 24 i 




2.162 


2.441 


2.486 


2.544 


2.675 


2.730 


24 to 25 i 


J I 


1.868 


2.228 


2.413 


2.598 


2.765 


2.823 ! 


Means for 25 results 


! 2.108 

1 


2-356 


2.462 


2-552 


2.691 


2.742 



30 

Table 16. — Subsurface velocities as given hy current meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 29, 

1879. 

(Depth, 21.6 feet; f>tage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute. 



1 

Time. 

i 


Wind. 


Velocities in feet per second at the given depths below water surface. 


18.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


12.6 feet. 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


/t. m. tn. 










; 12 47 to 48 




2.067 


2. 119 


2.312 


2-374 


2.362 


2.355 


48 to 49 


, 


1 1-694 


1.984 


2.208 


2.351 


2.366 1 2.392 1 


49 to 50 




1 1-965 


2.032 


2.137 


2-349 


2.393 


2.418 


50 to 51 


1.723 


2.001 


2.162 


2.304 


2.346 


2.414 


51 to 52 


"^ A 


1 1-723 


1.989 


2.298 


2.363 


2-379 


2.367 


52 to 53 


bflO 


1-909 


2.143 


2.312 


2.407 


2 365 


2.369 


53 to 54 


a-M 


1 1.780 


1.983 


2.202 


2-304 


2.368 


2.403 


54 to 55 


& t 


1 1-831 


2.184 


2.396 


2-456 


2.401 


2.393 


55 to 56 


.2 <u 


1 2.074 


2. 151 


2.350 


2.299 


2.341 ! 2.387 


56 to 57 


.W.,h 
i; fore 


2.012 


2.219 


2.326 


2.366 


2.389 2.401 


i 57 to 58 


1.887 


2.000 


2.196 


2.294 


2.370 


2-375 


! 58 to 59 


1.829 


2.103 


2.275 


2.318 


2-341 


2.370 


59 to 60 


Z 


1 2.002 


2.196 


2.320 


2.329 


2.336 


2.308 


' X CO to 01 

(*) 

03 to 04 


^^ 


1.999 


2.194 


2 388 


2.370 


2-347 


2-359 





1-973 


2.245 


2.388 


2.437 


2.424 


2-395 


04 to 05 


u 


1.936 


2-153 


2.274 


2-345 


2.397 


2.390 


05 to 06 




1.849 


2.136 


2-433 


2.404 


2-385 


2.400 


06 to 07 




1. 917 


2.136 


2.293 


2.363 


2.419 


2.400 


Means for 1 


8 results 


1-903 


2.109 


2.293 


2-357 


3-374 


2-383 



Chronograph stopped to adjust paper. 



Table 17. — Subsurface velocities as giveji hy current meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 29, 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 21.6 feet ; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 







Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water surface. 


Time. 


Wind. 














1 












18.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


12.6 feet. 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


A. w, m. 
















I 09 to 10 




1.946 


2.184 


2.328 


2.443 


2-444 


2.401 


10 to II 




1. 851 


«.o9i 


2.271 


2.341 


2.376 


2.418 


II to 12 




1.784 


1.938 


2.166 


2.261 


2.325 


2.372 


12 to 13 


a 


1-755 


1.986 


2.213 


2.349 


2.422 


2-434 


13 to 14 


1.822 


2.035 


2 - 263 


2.359 


2-395 


2.370 


14 to 15 


1-959 


2.104 


2.369 


2.376 


2-357 


2.359 


15 to 16 


t; 


1. 813 


2.064 


2.191 


2.310 


2-357 


2.336 


16 to 17 


c 


2.046 


2.226 : 2.326 


2-377 


2.389 


2. 415 


17 to 18 


& 


i.8ii 


1.942 1 2.150 


2.241 


2.344 


2.406 


18 to 19 


•« . 


1.726 


1.923 j 2.123 


2.269 


2.352 


2.378 


19 to 20 


bfi"^ 


1.770 


2.018 2.T70 


2.326 


2.384 


2-432 


20 to 21 


e 


1.967 


2.120 i 2.299 


2-399 


2.363 


2-375 


21 to 22 


0"- 


i.SSo 


2.075 2.247 


2-338 


2-343 


2-359 


22 to 23 


2.093 


2.253 i 2.361 


2.376 


2.387 


2-378 


23 to 24 


u 


1.908 


2.142 


2-363 


2.345 


2-333 


2.372 


24 to 25 


Jt- 


1-934 


2.153 


3.293 


2-347 


2.381 


2.379 


25 to 26 


1.749 


1.949 


3.075 


2.232 


2-352 


3.41a 


(*) 


.Z 














31 to 33 


1 


1 .960 


a. 191 


2-355 


2-379 


2.381 


2.386 


32 to 33 


1.999 


2.088 


3.267 


2-335 


2.377 


2-365 


33 to 34 


1 .912 


3.052 


3.223 


2.254 


2.333 


2-344 


34 to 35 


8 


1.860 


2.034 


2.177 


3.377 


2.366 


2.404 


35 to 36 


1.779 


3.052 


2.267 


2.304 


2-365 


2.361 


36 to 37 




1.909 


2.160 


2.361 


2-451 


2-430 


2.384 


37 to 38 




1.985 


2.103 


2.302 


2.399 


3.333 


2-319 


38 to 39 


I- 


j 1.866 


2-159 


a-310 


3.310 


2. 311 


2-3»4 


Means for a 


5 results . 


1-883 


3.081 


a.as9 


3.333 


3.367 


2.379 



* Chronograph stopped to adjust paper. 



31 



Table 18. — Subsurface velocities as given by current meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 29, 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 21.6 feet; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 



Time. 


Wind. 


Velocities 


in feet per second at the given depths 


below water surface. 












■ 






18.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


12.6 feet. 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


/t. m. m. 














I 52 to 53 


ro 


2.022 


2-332 


2.419 


2.396 


2.389 2.484 


\ 53 to 54 


2 


1.967 


2 . 225 


2.427 


2.404 


2.323 2.334 


' 54 to 55 


'- 


1-933 


2.194 


2.352 


2.330 


2-357 1 2.431 


55 to 56 


0) 


1.863 


2.075 


2.269 


2.382 


2.405 2.397 


56 to 57 


ll 


i 1-710 


2.080 


2.242 


2-338 


2 . 360 2 . 306 


1 57 to 58 




1.936 


2.242 


2-339 


2.398 


2.384 


2-365 


58 to 59 


a 


1 . 962 


2.184 


2.302 


2.381 


2 352 


2.418 


59 to 60 


a 


2-095 


j 2 . 304 


2.427 


2.424 


2-371 


2.451 


2 00 to 01 


s 


2.0I2 


1 2.315 


2.409 


2.448 


2.400 2.417 1 


' 01 to 02 


^ 


i 1.901 


2.179 


2-333 


2.396 


2.385 1 2.407 


02 to 03 


a 


1.862 


2.046 


2.236 


2.341 


2.390 2.468 1 


03 to 04 


^ 


2.023 


2,213 


2.399 


2.388 


2 • 390 


2.406 


04 to 05 


to 


I. 914 


1 2.199 


2-439 


2.467 


2.470 


2.465 


09 to 10 


a 


1-793 


2 099 


2.306 


2.381 


2.381 ! 2.395 


10 to II 


2. on 


1 2.160 


2.312 


2.396 


2-344 1 2.361 


II to 12 


3 


1. 781 


1 2.126 


2.312 


2.359 


2-397 1 2.398 


12 to 13 




1.960 


1 2 . 069 


2.207 


2-305 


2.330 2.344 


13 to 14 


^ 


i.a-js 


2.032 


2.186 


2.338 


2.387 2.390 


14 to 15 1 


Z 


1.874 


2.031 


2.189 


2-354 


2-347 2.344 


15 to 16 ; 


1.895 


2.173 


2.309 


2-345 


2.395 2.392 


16 to 17 1 


Z 


; 1-915 


2. 191 


2.294 


2-359 


2.373 2.389 


17 to 18 


B 


1 . 794 


2.095 


2.205 


2.318 


2.385 2.421 


18 to 19 





1 . 803 


1 2.078 


2.275 


2.384 


2.381 2.378 


19 to 20 


J i^ 


1-855 


: 2.097 


2-339 


2.368 


2.363 I 2.350 


Means for 2 

1 


4 results 


1.906 

i 


2.156 


2.314 


2-375 


2.377 2.396 



* Stopped to fix pen No. 4. 



Table 19. — Subsurface velocities as given by current meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 29, 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 21.6 feet; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minnte.] 



Time. 


Wind. 


Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water surface. 


1 




j 












j 18.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


12.^ feet, i 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


A. m. nt. 








! 








2 22 to 23 


1 ^ r 


' 1.686 


1.928 


2.156 1 


2.341 


2-395 


2.411 


1 23 to 24 





1.899 


2.068 


2.245 1 


2.272 


2.306 


2-342 


24 to 25 


M 


1-733 


1.986 


2.223 1 


2.316 


2-3.39 


2.378 


25 to 26 


6 


1.832 


1.967 


2.167 


2.290 


2.306 2.327 


26 to 27 


s 


1.876 


2.009 


2.228 ! 


2.279 


2.309 2.365 


27 to 28 





; 1-953 


2.091 


2.153 ! 


2.324 


2.341 2.365 


[ 28 to 29 




1.596 


2.043 


2.282 


2.335 


2.339 2.375 


i 29 to 30 


S 


1.879 


2.153 


2.247 


2.359 


2.397 2.443 


30 to 31 


<u 


1.729 


1.902 


2.166 1 


2 . 265 


2.346 , 2.344 


31 to 32 




'' 1.720 


2.114 


2.279 1 


2.410 


2 . 408 2 . 442 


32 to 33 


1 
c 


2.012 


2.130 


2.317 1 


2.384 


2.371 2.397 


33 to 34 


1.811 


2.027 


2.i8o 1 


2.293 


2.387 2.375 


34 to 35 


\ '% \ 


: 1.876 


2.117 


2.256 


2.368 


2.398 2.393 


35 to 36 


1-723 


2.050 


2.226 


2 376 


2.412 2.398 


' 36 to 37 


c 


1.936 


2.128 


2.277 


2-345 


2.333 2.369 


i 37 to 38 





1.717 


2.046 


2.194 


2.283 


2.319 1 2.328 


1 38 to 39 


1. 817 


2.025 


2.196 


2.283 


2.301 : 2.383 


! 39 to 40 


XI 


2.012 


2.050 


2.113 


2.255 


2.333 ! 2.327 


40 to 41 


r 


1.867 


2.167 


2.293 


2-327 


2 . 366 2 . 362 


41 to 42 


^ 


1 1.838 


2.046 


2.226 


2.301 


2.311 2.342 


42 to 43 


"A 


1.766 


2.080 


2.240 


2.341 


2.376 ! 2.397 


1 43 to 44 


1-785 


2.020 


2.240 


2.293 


2.352 2.369 


44 to 45 


2^' 


I -741 


1.947 


2.267 


2.324 


2.371 2.359 


i 45 to 46 1 


B 


i 1.885 


1.972 


2.236 


2.313 


2.282 2.264 


i , 46 to 47 [ 





; 1.642 


1.944 


2.102 


2.326 


2.327 j 2.359 


1 47 to 48 


J £ 


j 1-7" 


2.037 


2 . 306 


2.371 


2 . 366 1 2 . 330 


Means for : 


56 results 


1.809 


2.040 


, 2.224 


2.322 


2.350 


2.367 



32 

Table 20. — Subsurface velocities as given by current-meters, Burlington, Iowa, October 29, 

1879— Continued. 

[Depthi 21.6 feet ; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 




Table 21. — Subsurface velocities as given by current-meters, Burlington, Iowa, October Zd 

1879— Continued. 

[D epth, 21.6 feet ; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute. ] 



Time. 


Velo 

! - 


Jties in feet per second at the given depths 


below water-surface. 












1 




18.6 


feet. 


15.6 feet. 


12.6 feet 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. ^ 3.6 feet. 

i 


h. m. m. 












3 29 to 30 I 


1 ^ f I 


810 


t.933 


2.097 


2.293 


2.370 


2. 411 


30 to 31 


I 


895 


2. 122 


2 521 


2.310 


2-355 


2.338 


31 to 32 




866 


2. 122 


2.326 


2.370 


2.412 


2.407 


32 to 33 


(U I 


923 


2.232 


2.360 


2-357 


2.312 


2.297 


33 to 34 


T 


836 


2.095 


2-344 


2.426 


2.406 


2.397 


34 to 35 ! 


I 


744 


2.020 


2 196 


2.307 


2.366 


2.403 


35 to 36 




948 


2.154 


2.310 


2-351 


2.352 


2.328 


36 to 37 


6 2 


061 


2. Ill 


2.33T 


2.368 


2.347 


2-345 


37 to 38 


0> I 


907 


2.139 


2.283 


2.407 


2-357 


2.338 


38 to 39 


a 2 


037 


2.269 


2-363 


2-352 


2.338 


2-359 


39 to 40 


c 


827 


2. 130 


2.307 


2.384 


2.381 


2.367 


40 '0 41 


^ ' 


839 


2.032 


2.183 


2-335 


2.414 


2.470 


41 to 42 


r $. > 


884 


2. 126 


2.253 


2.368 


2.412 


2 356 


42 to 43 


^ ^ I 


969 


2.043 


2.236 


2.376 


2.362 


2 . 3.30 


43 to 44 1 


C ' 


865 


2.199 


2.366 


2.396 


2-377 


2.390 


44 to 45 . 


^ I 


866 


2 077 


2-349 


2-334 


2.327 


2-333 


45 to 46 


I 


865 


2.159 


2-339 


2.401 


2-379 


2.404 


46 to 47 


.Q 1 


899 


2.181 


2 285 


2-363 


2-379 


2.389 


47 to 48 


r I 


941 


2.185 


2.309 


2.401 


2.^6o 


2.462 


48 to 49 


•^ I 


814 


2.o6i 


2.245 


2-345 


2 . 309 


2.414 


49 to 50 


^ \ 


886 


2. 108 


2.245 


2-255 


2 - 323 


2.338 


50 to 51 


7^6 


2. 116 


2 X42 


2-387 


2-377 


2.412 


51 to 52 


/. I 


«53 


2.106 


2.234 


2.280 


2.323 


2.404 


52 to 53. 


H I 


772 


2.02I 


2-131 


2.276 


2.355 


3.412 


53 to 54 


£ 


731 


1. 911 


2.035 


2.196 


2.285 


2.367 


54 to 55 


J X I I 


767 


2.058 


2 242 


2.381 


2 . 397 1 2 . 366 



Means for 26 results. 



1.867 



2. 104 



2.270 



2.347 



2.367 



2.378 



33 



Table 22. — Subsurface velocities as given hy current meters, Burlington, Iowa, October 29, 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 21.6 feet ; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 







Velocities 


in feet per second at the | 


?iven depths 


below water-surface. 


Time. 


Wind. 












18.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


12.6 feet. 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


k. m. w. 
















3 56 to 57 


f 


1.585 


2.032 


2. 191 


2-349 


2.422 


2-393 


57 to 58 




1.726 


2.148 


2-358 


2-434 


2.403 


2.404 


58 to 59 




1-756 


2.177 


2.274 


2.396 


2-439 


2.429 


59 to 60 




1.885 


2.182 


2.283 


2.385 


2-374 


2-333 


4 00 to 01 





1. 815 


2.051 


2.162 


2-312 


2-341 


2.370 


01 to 02 




1.590 


1.927 


2.154 


2.261 


2.32a 


2-375 


02 to 03 




1-527 


1. 871 


2.048 


2.287 


2-365 


2-378 


03 to 04 





T.722 


1-973 


2.126 


2.229 


2.338 


2-373 


04 to 05 


u 



1.825 


2.032 


2.224 


2-338 


2.311 


■ 2-334 


05 to 06 


vm 


1. 711 


2.040 


2.229 


2-343 


2-354 


2-378 


06 to 07 


s 


1-837 


2. 119 


2.312 


2-363 


2-349 


2.338 


07 to 08 


1-763 


2.000 


2.148 


2.287 


2-365 


2-353 


08 to 09 


lU 


1-735 


2 . 069 


2.304 


2.409 


2-398 


2-432 


09 to 10 


r CO ] 


2.022 


2.267 


2-325 


2.401 


2.400 


2-415 


10 to II 


C 


2.043 


2.227 


2.264 


2.376 


2-377 


2.410 


II to 12 


& 


1.684 


2.089 


2.298 


2.479 


2.514 


2.572 


12 to 13, 


X! 


1.981 


2.218 


2-317 


2-343 


2.422 


2.467 


13 to 14 




1. 821 


2- 143 


2.301 


2-393 


2-393 


2.400 


14 to IS 


^ 


1-795 


2.170 


2.310 


2.376 


2.400 


2-434 


T5 to 16 


a 


1.994 


2.283 


2-353 


2.404 


2.412 


2.420 


16 to 17 


2.041 


2. 211 


2,342 


2-343 


2.389 


2.381 


17 to 18 [ 


1.874 


2.177 


2-344 


2-437 


2-385 


2.421 


18 to 19 




1. 914 


2.086 


2 . 191 


2.243 


2-358 


2-393 


19 to 20 


1.832 


2.007 


2.215 


2.388 


2.368 


2.372 


20 to 21 




1.880 


2.009 


2.299 


2-365 


2.358 


2.372 


21 to 22 




1.822 


2.108 


2.228 


2.340 


2.360 


2-397 


22 to 23 ' 


1^ 


1.889 


2-133 


2.280 


2.324 


2.360 


2-387 


Means for 2 


7 results 


1. 817 


2. 102 


2-255 


2-356 


2.382 


2-397 



Table 23. — Subsurface velocities as given by cnrrettt-meters, Burlington, Iowa, October 'HQ, 

1879 — Continued. 

[Depth, 21.6 feet; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 







Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water-surface. 


Time. 


Wind. 




























18.6 feet. 


15. 6. feet. 


12.6 feet 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


k. m. m. 
4 24 to 25 














A 


" 


1-743 


1.983 


2. 127 


2.238 


2-339 


2.421 


25 to 26 




1-725 


2-055 


2.212 


2.280 


2.328 


2-395 


26 to 27 




1.91Q 


2.128 


2-237 


2.340 


2-393 


2.428 


27 to 28 




1.767 


2.014 


2.202 


2.319 


2-339 


2.398 


28 to 29 


ro 


1. 611 


1-973 


2.158 


2 . 269 


2.355 


2.381 


29 to 30 





1.727 


2.T16 


2.224 


2.313 


2.376 


2.362 


30 to 31 


M 


1.860 


2.060 


2. 161 


2.2 8 


2.257 


2-348 


31 to 32 




1-755 


2.021 


2.084 


2.279 


2-355 


2.409 


32 to 33 


^ 


1.708 


1-993 


2. 166 


2.294 


2-37^ 


2.361 


33 to 34 





1.824 


2.105 


2.350 


2.398 


2-373 


2.389 


34 to 35 


,^ 


1. 921 


2. 116 


2.213 


2.252 


2.306 


2-355 


35 to 36 


a 


1 . 561 


1.809 


2.029 


2.177 


2.312 


2-355 


36 to 37 


cS 


1-833 


2.029 


2.167 


2.244 


2.292 


2.341 


37 to 38 


i > 


1.580 


1.939 


2. 119 


2.299 


2-358 


2.378 


38 to 39 ; 


' CO ^ 


1.669 


2.017 


2-134 


2.268 


2-373 


2.406 


39 to 40 


> 


1.468 


1 . 902 


2 -054 


2. 171 


2.304 


2.406 


40 to 41 1 





1.666 


2.014 


2.172 


2.293 


2.323 


2-359 


(*) ! 


•o 














48 to 49 


r 


I -591 


1. 919 


2.127 


2.196 


2.316 


2-342 


49 to 50 


^ 


1-725 


2.026 


2.277 


2.401 


2-374 


2-359 


50 to 51 


S 


1. 817 


2.139 


2.388 


2.-124 


2-397 


2.412 


51 to 52 


1. 918 


2.077 


2.293 


2-338 


2-371 


2.387 


52 to 53 


1.897 


2. 105 


2.239 


2.261 


2-343 


2.372 


53 to 54 




1. 891 


2.082 


2.236 


2-373 


2.409 


2.404 


54 to 55 


1.874 


1.990 


2173 


2.254 


2. 311 


2-355 


55 to 56 




1.942 


2.167 


2-315 


2-334 


2-327 


2-344 


56 to 57 




1. 841 


2. 116 


2.326 


2.407 


2.400 


2.403 


57 to 58 


I 


1.842 


2.060 


2. 150 


2.241 


2.320 


2.428 


Means for 2 


7 results . 


1.766 


2.035 


2.198 


2.293 


2.346 


2.381 



13828 m O 



End roll No 2 ; paper changed. 



34 

Table 24. — Subsurface velocities as given by current-meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 29, 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 21.6 feet ; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 







Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water-surface. 


Time. 


Wind. 






























18.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


12.6 feet. 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


A. fn. m. 
















4 59 to 6o 




1.798 


2.095 


2.224 


2.354 


2.424 


2.442 


5 oo to oi 




1.724 


2.000 


2.196 


2.404 


2.368 


2.404 


oi to 02 




1.989 


2.071 


2.186 


2.296 


2.323 


2.341 


02 to 03 


fo 


I 857 


2.140 


2.282 


2.370 


2.370 


2.386 


03 to 04 





1-975 


2.168 


2.264 


2-377 


2.392 


2.429 


04 to 05 


"" 


1.867 


2.167 


2.318 


2.401 


2.377 


2.361 


05 to 06 


.. 


1.882 


2.126 


2.325 


2.402 


2-393 


2.428 


06 to 07 


u 


1. 814 


2.021 


2.272 


2.392 


2-393 


2.429 


07 to 08 





. 1-897 


2.X79 


2.286 


2.346 


2-371 


2.398 


08 to 09 




1.749 


2.026 


2.245 


2.368 


2.339 


2.404 


09 to 10 


s 


1.746 


2.041 


2.269 


2.349 


2-358 


2-379 


10 to II 


lA 


1-733 


2.100 


2.237 • 


2.377 


2-393 


2.43^ 


II to 12 


u 


1.848 


2.080 


2.307 


2.319 


2-349 


2.369 


12 to 13 


> T \ 


1-783 


2.102 


2.315 


2.421 


2.381 


2.398 


13 to 14 


a 



1.928 


2.201 


2.406 


2.412 


2.358 


2.414 


X4 to 15 


1. 813 


2.100 


2.318 


2-435 


2.427 


2.420 


15 to 16 


-o 


1.925 


2.100 


2.320 


2.385 


2.358 


2-373 


16 to 17 


^ 


1.782 


2.027 


2.282 


2.365 


2-355 


2.362 


17 to 18 


1.866 


2.182 


2.372 


2.420 


2.435 


2-454 


18 to 19 




1. 881 


2.075 


2.244 


2-345 


2-349 


2.378 


19 to 20 


1. 851 


2.255 


2.428 


2.442 


2-425 


2.439 


20 to 21 


(*) 


2-137 


2.250 


2.352 


2-374 


2-423 


21 to 22 


t-i 


(*) 


2.091 


2.170 


2-351 


2.395 


2.404 


22 to 23 


b 


1.836 


2. 117 


2.266 


2-345 


2.387 


2.407 


23 to 24 




1 .620 


1-871 


2.053 


2.290 


2.350 


2.383 


24 to 25 




1-959 


2.031 


2.153 


2.294 


2.330 


2-379 


25 to 26 




1 2.035 


2.287 


2-334 


2.382 


2.358 


2.404 


Means for 2 


7 results 


1.846 


2.103 


2.271 


2.370 


2.375 


2.401 



Pen not recording; for lower meter. 



Table 25. — Subsurface velocities as given by curreut-meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 22, 

i879— Continued. 

[Depth, 21.6 feet; stage, 1.9 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocity for one minute.] 







Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


1 
below water-surface. 


Time. 


Wind. 




























18.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


12.6 feet. 


9.6 feet. 


6.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


h. nt. in. 
















5 43 to 44 


., 


1.870 


2.094 


2.185 


2.266 


2,331 


2.359 


44 to 45 


S 




796 


1.987 


2. 169 


2.277 


2.333 


2.383 


45 to 46 


lA 




749 


1.972 


2.064 


2.s66 


2.298 


2.333 


46 to 47 


Ui 




904 


2.085 


2.216 


2-355 


2.320 


2.266 


47 to 48 


en 

1 




948 


2. 167 


2.267 


2 341 


2.325 


2.330 


48 to 49 


C 
> . 




933 


2.072 


2.269 


2.319 


2.360 


2-344 ; 


49 to 50 


°T 




752 


2.009 


2.280 


2.418 


2.366 


2.338 


50 to 51 


-c 




007 


2.133 


2.290 


2-38.5 


2.389 


2.384 


51 to 52 






963 


2-133 


2.275 


2-435 


2.381 


2.302 


52 to 53 




922 


2.095 


2-3H 


2-373 


2.405 


2-358 


S3 to 54 


^fc^ 




058 


2.193 


2.304 


2.323 


2.347 2.378 


54 to 55 








951 


2.083 


2.240 


2-348 


2.338 2.299 


55 to 56 




907 


2.078 


2. 191 


2.2Q5 


2.276 i 2.331 


56 to 57 


u 




874 


2.054 


2.207 


2-345 


2-349 2.414 


57 to 58 






984 


2.125 


2.215 


2.318 


2-338 . 2.352 


58 to 59 




8.? I 


1.893 


2.084 


2.293 


2 330 2.361 


59 to 60 


J 




780 


2.035 


2.202 


2.324 


2.338 2.317 


6 00 to 01 


i t 


I 783 


1-933 


2. 127 


2.288 


2.400 2.386 


Means for i 


8 results . 


1.890 


2.063 


2.217 


2 • .127 


2.346 2.350 j 



35 

Table 2C). — Subsurface velocities as given by current-vieiers. Biirlinytori, Iowa, October 29, 

1879— Continued. 

[Depth, 21.7 feet; stage, 1.9 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 







Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water-surface. 


Time. 


Wind. 






























18.7 feet. 


15.7 feet. 


12.7 feet. 


9.7 feet. 


6.7 feet. 


3-7 feet. 


/i. tM. m. 
















6 03 to 04 


i 


1.928 


2.100 


2.207 


2.302 


2.304 


2.289 


04 to 05 

05 to 06 







718 
804 


1.856 
2.092 


2.035 
2. 189 


2. 171 
2.272 


2- 301 
2.328 


2-313 
2.269 


06 to 07 

07 to 08 

08 to 09 


a 






749 
837 
904 


1.998 
2.026 
2.120 


2.129 
2.237 
2.210 


2.241 

2-359 
2.299 


2.309 
2.387 
2.336 


2.355 
2.341 
2.386 


09 to 10 


"55 




885 


2.037 


2.272 


2.319 


2.389 


2. 311 


10 to II 

11 to 12 






757 
875 


1. 919 
2.077 


2.091 
2.263 


2.240 
2.319 


2.343 
2.371 


2.369 
2-384 


12 to 13 


L °^ J 




795 


2.080 


2 . 290 


2-395 


2-454 


2-393 


13 to 14 






914 


2. 117 


2.282 


2.321 


2.371 


2-333 


14 to 15 

15 to 16 

16 to 17 

17 to 18 

18 to 19 

19 to 20 


a 





955 
964 

783 
837 
815 
954 


2.035 
2 . 208 

1.966 
1.978 
2.049 
2.061 


2.185 
2.360 
2.266 
2.226 
2.269 
2.096 


2.304 
2.381 
2.402 
2.293 
2.363 
2.131 


2-349 
2-377 
2.400 
2.316 
2.363 
2-193 


2.342 
2.352 

2.384 
2.345 

2-375 
2.297 


20 to 21 

21 to 22 


be 




866 
787 


2.009 
2.014 


2.105 
2.189 


2.225 
2-357 


2.352 
2.376 


2.342 
2-347 


22 to 23 

Means for 2 


J ij I 

results 


1.792 


2.021 


2.223 


2.310 


2. 311 


2.310 


1.846 


3.038 


2.206 


2.300 


2.346 


2.342 



Table 27. — Subsurface velocities as given by current-meters. BurUngion , Iowa, October 30, 

1879. 

[Depth, 27.6 feet; stage, 1.91 feet. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 



Time. 


Wind. 


Velocities in feet per second at the 


2;iven depths 


below water-surface. 


















23.6 feet. 


19.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


11.6 feet. 


7.6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


//. »i. m. 
















5 05 to 06 


r 


2.183 


2.221 


2.331 


2-354 


2.282 


2.355 


06 to 07 


2.190 


2.321 


2.420 


2-357 


2-347 


2.361 


07 to 08 




2. 112 


2.176 


2 . 307 


2.310 


2.273 


2.336 


08 to 09 


m 


2.052 


2.126 


2.306 


2.329 


2.322 


2.362 


09 to 10 




2.143 


2.157 


2.247 


2.280 


2.276 


2 305 


10 to II 


H 


2. 113 


2.185 


2.255 


2.507 


2-293 


2.338 


II to 12 


0) 


2.189 


2.284 


2.307 


2.302 


2.303 


2.361 


12 to 13 


ll 


2.105 


2.157 


2. 207 


2.243 


2.155 


2.232 


13 to 14 


^ 


1.960 


2.179 


2.293 


2.258 


2.242 


2.293 


14 to 15 


a 

•A 1 


2.027 


2.171 


2.277 


2.291 


2.317 


2.390 


15 to 16 


2.T78 


2.253 


2-345 


2-352 


2.392. 


2.390 


16 to 17 ! 


^ 1 


1. 811 


2.128 


2.259 


2.280 


2.300 


2-393 


17 to 18 


n-st 


2.097 


2. 216 


2.224 


2.235 


2-155 


2.190 


18 to 19 


2.061 


2.085 


2. 107 


2.185 


2.185 


2.236 


19 to 20 t 


^ 


2.005 


2. 164 


2.318 


2.406 


2.333 


2.294 


20 to 21 





2.075 


2. 181 


2.245 


2-305 


2.287 


2.378 


21 to 22 




1.843 


2.094. 


2.236 


2.341 


2-349 


2.474 


22 to 23 


?f 


2.097 


2.269 


2.341 


2.382 


2.373 


2.398 


23 to 24 


2.136 


2. 176 


2.202 


2.233 


2.231 


2.505 


24 to 25 


^' 


1.959 


2.102 


2.275 


2-355 


2.370 


2 387 


25 to 26 


a 


2.094 


2.136 


2.194 


2.229 


2.233 


2.286 


26 to 27 





2.217 


2. 21 1 


2.224 


2.298 


2.257 


2.243 


27" to 28 


fe 


2.17s 


2. 119 


2.231 


2.230 


2.222 


2.236 


28 to 29 




2.142 


2.196 


2.255 


2.274 


2.308 


2.338 


29 to 30 




1.957 


2.165 


2.248 


2.244 


2.252 


2.316 


30 to 31 
Means for 5 


'6 results 


2.137 


2.235 


2.285 


2.291 


2.322 


2.316 


2.079 


2. 181 


2.267 


2.295 


2.284 


2-327 



3r> 

Table 28. — Subsurface velocities as given hi/ current-meters. Burlington, Iowa, October 30, 

1879 — Cou tinned. 

I Depth, 27-6 feet; stage, 1.91 feot. For position of boat, see map. Mean velocities for one minute.] 



Time. 


Wind. 


Velocities in feet per second at the given depths 


below water-surface. 


















23.6 feet. 


19.6 feet. 


15.6 feet. 


ii.6feet. 


7 6 feet. 


3.6 feet. 


/t. VI. ;;/. 
















5 32 to 33 


^ ,' 


1.966 


2.080 


2.218 


2.252 


2.241 


2.286 


33 to 34 




1. 817 


2.095 


2.261 


2.285 


2.300 


2.353 


34 to 35 


M 


1.985 


2.193 


2.328 


2.355 


2.37-1 


2-437 


35 to 36 


(U 


2.008 


2.109 


2.229 


2.277 


2.254 


2.300 


36 to 37 


l-l 


2.065 


3.215 


2.326 


2.351 


2.325 


2.404 


37 to 38 


V- 1 


2. 119 


2.276 


2.302 


2.321 


2.325 


2-378 


38 to 39 


a 


1.926 


2. 196 


2.279 


2.376 


2.350 


2.414 


39 to 40 


2.008 


2.210 


2.384 


2.395 


2.379 


2.392 


40 to 41 


t 


1.983 


2.092 


2.218 


2.250 


2.263 


2-313 


41 to 42 




2.081 


2. 170 


2.263 


2.236 


2. 311 


2.296 


42 to 43 


c 


2.104 


2.165 


2.306 


2.301 


2.336 


2.383 


43 to 44 


& 


2.276 


2.310 


2.360 


2.371 


2-343 


2.397 


44 to 45 





2.092 


2.215 


2.283 


2.321 


2.354 


2.420 


45 to 46 




2.008 


2.177 


2.229 


2.238 


2.273 


2.361 


46 to 47 


^ 


2.047 


2.134 


2.271 


2.266 


2.260 


2.278 


47 to 48 


1.848 


2.027 


2.203 


2.324 


2.355 


2.445 


48 to 49 


s^ 


2.024 


2.205 


2-374 


2.396 


2.422 


2-459 


49 to 50 


a 


2.070 


2. 140 


2.317 


2.388 


2.377 


2.428 


50 to 51 





1.796 


2.117 # 


2.223 


2.285 


2.279 


2.456 


51 to 52 


J £ I 


2.055 


2.215 


2.264 


2.302 


2.401 


2.460 


Means for 2 


results . 


2.014 


2.167 


2.285 


2.314 


2.326 


2.383 



Table 29. — Compilation of results fj'om plates of final plotted curns. 













V derived from 








Date. 


Stage. 


Depth. 
(D) 


V«D. 


m 




m 


m 












H & A formula. 




J^D 




1879* 












Feet. 






Oct. 7 


0.85 


19-5 


1.941 


1. 814 


1.876 


11.88 


0.935 


0.609 






ai.2S 


a -139 


1.990 


2.075 


13.80 


0.930 


0.649 


II 


0-75 


"5 


1.963 


1.902 


1.889 


6.68 


0.969 


.0.581 






11. 


a.ois 


1.970 


1.938 


6.12 


0.979 


0.556 






II. 


3. 033 


1.987 


1.948 


6.06 


0.983 


0.551 


14 


0.89 


13-a 


3.635 


2.521 


2.553 


8.02 


0.960 


0.608 






13-2 


2.633 


2.559 


3.561 


7.80 


987 


0.599 






12.9 


a. 604 


2.533 


2 . 532 


7.80 


0.973 


0.605 






13-0 


3.629 


2.568 


2.557 


7.50 


0.977 


0.577 






13-0 


a. 634 


2 559 


2.552 


7.56 


0.975 


0.582 


ai 


1.27 


13-5 


3.620 


2.561 


2.547 


7.90 


0.977 


0.58s 






»3-7 


2.587 


2.499 


2.514 


8.25 


0.966 


0.600 


39 


1.88 


ai.6 


a. 338 


2.206 


2.260 


14-25 


0.948 


0.660 






21.6 


2.303 


2.189 


2.235 


13.90 


0.950 


0.644 






21.6 


2.348 


2.217 


2.280 


14.73 


0.944 


0.682 






21.6 


2.279 


2.151 


2. 311 


13.90 


0.944 


0.644 






21. 6 


3 . 396 


2.16^ 


2.228 


14. 10 


0.944 


0.653 






21.6 


3.316 


2.185 


2.24S 


14.36 


0.943 


0.665 






21.6 


3.336 


2.174 


2.258 


14.35 


0.935 


0.664 






ai.6 


3.358 


a. 13a 


2.190 


13.90 


0.944 


0.644 






ai.6 


2.338 


a. 186 


a. 260 


14.32 


0.939 


0.663 




1.90 


ai.5 


a. 378 


3.164 


3.aio 


14. 10 


0.950 


0.653 




1.90 


ai.7 


3.373 


3.150^ 


3.304 


»3.95 


0.946 


0.643 


30 


1. 91 


27.6 


3.370 


3.935 


3.305 


17.20 


0.980 


0.623 






97.6 


a.aS; 


3.331 


3.222 


16.60 


0.976 


0.601 


Means. 


0.958 


0.633 



37 






o* 



OS 






'»■ 
J" 

r 

Q 

I 




ro M OS 



M N M 11 1^ 

?88o8 





■*VC fO w r^ ^-CO -t->0 "«■ 

IT' -''SJ ^ SJ ''C ^ 1/-) i>. •» lo 

OOOOOOCOOOO 


if 


d d 
1 1 


■^4^4^ 


O p O o 

1 1+++ +1 


oooooooopoo 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


^4 


Q ' 

CO 
'O 

o 
d 
1 

i \> 


-f in 

O 

d d 

1 1 


M ro 
n "1- lo 
O o 

444 


VO t^OO O" to 

Q rn rn -i- t 
O O 

4444^ 


M M 
lO « 



■*■ t^ CI M f, ->■ t 1- tVi t^ 

CI >- ro r<", r'j ro i/-) f ')■>!- - w 

ooooooooooo 


O 


« 


OOOOOOCOOOO 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


w 


1 — 1 

r 

Q 

> 
1 ._i 


00 


OCO 00 
00 "■> -r 

CO a^ o 


«o»o r»l 1/1 lO 
lO *o lO lO lO 


IT) UO 


0u-)O"O30OCOPpO"S- 

VO f<ioo ►- ts ■»• lo a"o - 

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« 


« « 


M M M 


« f« t1 CI N 


« M 


C1C«C1M«PINf)nMC< 


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^ 

>" 


00 O' 


r» t^ 
O t^co 

Q\ O^ <7> 


ji ON '^.CO o> 
M u~) cVnO lO 

IT. l/") LTj IT) lO 


VO O- 

IT) •» 


VO Ovt^>- •^tO'^CivO "l-O 
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IT) M 


M M 


»-»»-» M 


N « Ct CI M 


w c» 


c«cic«c«nc<c«c40iftr< 


C« M 


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d 

1 


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CO M (D 
00 0> On 


lO fl lO CTi ■^ 

M M On •- « 
u^ ID •♦ lO lO 


oeo 
■- t^ 
lO •*■ 


VO 0> ro O^OO r^ O PI r^ 
idO -j-oo - w >o fOOO I^ 
f<fiM-"C<wpi>-ei»'« 




M CI 




f< Ci CI CI f) 


« CI 


f<cic»csr»Mrj«Me«M 


N « 


1 

Q 

> 


M ON 


N W N 

VO M N 

ON o 


IT) CO -^ On ■* 
« ro p CI W 

NO ^ VO VO VO 


M 00 

>0 m 


CO rOCO (yo VO VO CO CO CO w 
MO "J-C^O'-C^lOMt^t^ 
f. m rn w M r«", (*5 M CO n M 


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1- c« w 


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Ct M 


wciwpirjcipiwnNM 


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38 



Table 31. — Suisur/ace velocities as give)} hy current meters and floats, BurUudton, Iowa, 

October 28, 1879. 

[Depth, 16.4 feet; stage, 1.88 feet. For position of boat, see map (series 4).] 





u 












■*r TO 


1 



ed 




6 




Velocitie 


s in feet per second 


at the given depths 


u • 


<L> 





Time. • 




Wind. 




below water-su 


rface. 




tyoffl 

mete 

-depth 


<*< 

«-2 


73 
U 














> 














.-TSTS 


x>-" 


J3 








13.7 feet. 


10.9 feet. 


8.2 feet. 


5.5 feet. 


2.7 feet. 




S 

3 


3 


















> 


z 


S5 


/i. m, s. 


.f. 




















4 17 25.6 


iS.i 


r 


2.372 


2.609 


2.719 


2.821 


2.909 


2.762 


1 


] 




21.0 




1.998 


2.44Q 


2.623 


2.574 


2.8:2 


2.381 


2 


'.., 




21. 1 




2.367 


2.470 


2.634 


2.756 


2.857 


2.370 


• 3 






18.8 




2.432 


2.399 


2.442 


2.695 


2.990 


2.660 


4 


J 


19 03.4 


18.8 




2. 181 


2.272 


2.597 


2.776 


2.915 


2.597 


5 




19 38.5 


18.4 




2.275 


2-517 


2-589 


2.668 


2.732 


2.717 


I 






19.7 




1. 781 


2.216 


2.388 


2.567 


2 . 7., 2 


2.538 


2 


> 2 




18.-, 




1.831 


2.097 


2.526 


2.818 


2.868 


2.732 


3 






16.8 




2.208 


2-565 


2.679 


2.804 


2.878 


2.976 


4 


^ 


21 08.5 


16.8 




2.418 


2.571 


2.657 


2.753 


2.961 


2.657 


5 




21 45.0 


17.4 




X.769 


2.0T9 


2.283 


2.591 


2.794 


2.874 


I 


"\ 




21.2 




2.o8t 


2.287 


2.476 


2.582 


2.743 


2.358 


2 


• 3 




19.0 




1.876 


2 . 239 


2.541 


2.924 


2.999 


2.632 


3 




18.7 




2.271 


2.580 


2.781 


2.902 


2-995 


2.674 


4 


J 


23 20,0 


18.7 




2.529 


2.559 


2.630 


2.673 


2.825 


2.630 


5 




as 58.9 


19.6 




2.481 


2.529 


2.567 


2.604 


2.769 


2.556 


I 






22.1 




2.179 


2.332 


2.41S 


2.567 


2.790 


2.267 


2 


■ 4 




20.0 


^ 


1-743 


2.123 


2.406 


2-535 


2.721 


2.505 


3 




20.4 




1.884 


2.237 


2.351 


2.548 


2.7-^4 


2.456 


4 


J 


25 41-4 


20.4 





1.825 


2.097 


2.481 


2.595 


2.767 


2.481 


5 




26 I I. 3 


159 


ii 


2.068 


2 . 320 


2.623 


2.813 


2.979 


3-151 


1 






18.7 


^ 


1.988 


2.141 


2-313 


2.821 


2.885 


2.679 


2 


' 




18.4 





1.872 


2.397 


2-543 


2.637 


2.7,^7 


2-723 


3 




17.6 


.- 


1.982 


a 073 


2.392 


2.557 


2.738 


2.847 


4 


J 


27 39.5 


17.6 


s 


2.172 


2.^69 


2.590 


2.757' 


2.833 


2.590 


5 




28 17.3 


17.0 


i " 


2.386 


2.665 


2.704 


2.722 


2.758 


2.941 


I 


■\ 




21.9 


1 


2 532 


2.605 


2.649 


2. 80S 


2.988 


2.283 


2 


■ 6 




18.6 


3 


2.427 


2.675 


2.780 


2.887 


3.005 


2.688 


3 






18.0 


- 


2 3?3 


2-395 ' 


2.665 


2.815 


2.908 


2.778 


4 


J 


29 50.8 


x8.o 


0) 


2.380 


2.454 


2.649 


2.704 


2.826 


2.649 


5 




30 30.6 


18.0 


1.704 


2.061 


2.545 


2,720 


2.960 


2.778 


I 






23.1 


3 


2.335 


2.326 


2.656 


2.791 


2 92a 


a. 164 


2 


■ 7 




20.5 


(A 


1. 92 1 


2.124 


2.547 


2.536 


2.641 


2.439 


3 




18.7 




2.167 


2.416 


2.434 


2.678 


2.835 


2.674 


4 


J 


32 09.6 


18.7 




1.740 


2.C28 . 


2.484 


2.668 


2-835 


2.484 


5 




32 34- S 


156 




1.962 


2.020 


2.43' 


2.736 


a. 920 


3 • 205 


I 


1 




19.4 




1.845 


2.072 


2 535 


2.831 


2.950 


2.577 


2 


[ 8 




18.6 




1-933 


1.962 


2.366 


2.641 


2.850 


2.688 


3 


( 




17-5 




1.865 


2.0:50 


2.496 


2.702 


2.838 


2.857 


4 


J 


34 03.1 


17-5 




2.062 


2.46X 


2.749 


2.832 


2.929 


2.749 


5 




38 27.7 


18.5 




2.214 


2.679 


2.805 


2,912 


3-005 


2. 70S 


I 






21.9 




2.172 


2.418 


2.546 


2 . 703 


2.912 


2.288 


2 


[9 




21.4 




1.777 


2.182 


2.396 


2 635 


2.92.1 


2.341 


3 




19-5 




I -055 


2.400 


2.754 


2.905 


3.026 


2.569 


4 


J 


40 08.5 


195 




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RKMAKK8. — Floats tied at 8 2 foet beinj: at mid-depth. In eolunm of mid deptli velocities by floats 
and meter, sei-tiona 1, 2, ;}, and 4 are jiiven by floats, and sertioii 5 by meter. .V base of LMO feet, op- 
posite wliieli tlie floats i»assed, was divided into t\)nr sections of 50 feet each, an<l numbered from the 
iip-strean> end downward, {jiving sections 1, 2. ;{, and 4 of table. The meters were located about IG 
feet below the base, and constitute section 5 of table. 



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